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When picturing the way sound travels in air, picture a big speaker cone. We've probably all seen one of these things at one time or another when a speaker cover has been removed and the speaker itself is exposed. The cone moves out and in to generate the sound. What's going on? When the cone moves out, it compresses air in front of it. All the gas atoms and molecules in front of the cone are smooshed (compressed) together and the "smooshed gas" (compression wave) moves out away from the speaker. It moves fast, too. Almost 3 ½ football fields a second. When the cone moves in, it creates a place of "unsmooshed" (rarified) gas in front of it, and the "unsmooshed gas" (rarefaction wave) travels out from in front of the speaker the way the compression wave did. A sound wave is an alternate series of compression and rarefaction fronts traveling in air. Comparing a sound wave to a wave traveling on water, the compression wave can be compared to the rising portion, the crest, of the water wave. The rarefaction wave can be compared to the dipping part of the water wave, the trough.

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Q: The wave pattern of smooth up and down curves is used to represent the way that a wave looks. What do the ups and downs mean when you are talking about sound waves?
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