Atticus was trying to speak candidly and honestly, rather than being intentionally insulting. He was aiming to educate and challenge the jury's prejudices through his arguments and questioning.
Aunt Alexandra asks Atticus to explain the children because she disapproves of their behavior and wants Atticus to instill in them a sense of proper behavior and manners. She believes Atticus should be more authoritative and involved in their upbringing.
Henry Hancock
Scout gets angry and punches Francis in the face for insulting her father. She defends Atticus and does not tolerate derogatory remarks about him.
Scout asks Atticus what a "whore-lady" is, as she heard it from Francis while they were fighting. She is confused by the term and wants Atticus to explain it to her.
Calling someone spineless in an insulting manner refers to having no backbone or being cowardly.
Alcoholics tend to use intoxication as an excuse to engage in otherwise unacceptable behaviors, such as being insulting, aggressive, etc.
Atticus explains that Bob Ewell dislikes Judge Taylor because the judge treated him with respect and fairness in court. Bob Ewell was not used to being treated with dignity, and he took offense to it.
Francis calls Atticus names and insults Scout by calling her father a "nigger-lover." His words upset Scout because they are disrespectful and hurtful towards her father.
he says that they were just upset people and racist
For example, Atticus always told his children not to fight, even if they were provoked. Atticus set a good example for them when Bob Ewell spat on his face, and he just calmly walked away.
Stop insulting her. Maybe that would help.
Atticus explains that "niggerlover" is a derogatory term used by people who are ignorant and have strong prejudices. He tells Scout that it's meant to insult someone for being fair and just toward black people, and to not let such words affect her sense of morality and compassion.