The pope is a religious leader and considered man's representative on earth of God. He runs the offices of the Vatican which is a city state within the city of Rome. His authority is from God to the people of the Catholic Church.
Papacy
Papacy is the correct answer.
Adjudication means to give power, right, or authority.
When someone, like a monarch or a Pope, leave his position it is called a resignation.
A pope or monarch leaving their position is called Abdication or Resignation. The transliteration for the Latin term is the Pope renounced the papacy.
pope in Hinduism is called poojari or shankaracharya. Shankaracharya is just a position like pope and not a name.
Pope.
The pope does not have any authority in the Orthodox Church. The pope only has authority over Roman Catholics.
indulgence
No, there is no position between cardinal and pope.
The pope at the time held a very strong position politically over many nations at the time. The pope was above the established government of any Christian nation, so basically he called the shots. If something happened that he (the pope) didn't like, no matter who you where, a tramp, or the King/Emperor, you had to face his wrath.
A government by a pope is a papacy.
The Pope is the head of the Catholic Church and has no place in government.