Copyright law is US Code Title 17, and fair use is section 107 of it.
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Yes; fair use does not exclude any types of works.
The term 'fair use' is open to interpretation. A mobile phone company might give you '...unlimited texts - subject to our fair use policy...' This usually means your 'average' use might mean sending 100 texts a week, and would be covered under 'fair use'. If you suddenly upped your texts to 500 a week because of an 'unlimited' plan - that could be seen as unfair use - and the company would likely cap your usage.
No. Legally, since it doesn't fall under the fair use exception, you would need to seek permission to use someone elses material.
No it is not. If the battery has just worn out because of regular use, it is not covered under warranty. If it is an odd circumstance, then it may be covered under warranty.
While fair use allows for limited use of copyrighted material without permission under certain conditions, it is still recommended to cite sources when using them in your work. Citing sources helps give credit to the original creators and prevents plagiarism, even if your use may fall under fair use guidelines.
All cited images in (or on) this (what ever you need it for) are used under the Fair Use Interpretation of Copywrite Laws. All others are used by permission.
Album art on the English wikipedia is under the fair-use licence, meaning that it is not free. If the country you plan to use the artwork in supports fair use than you can use it. If not you can't.
In most cases yes, permission is required to use copyrighted material. There are exceptions however. The "fair use" exception allows for the use of a portion of a copyrighted work, without permission, for news reporting, review, criticism, or scholastic purposes. Additionally the "right of first sale" allows you sell or otherwise distribute works you have legally obtained.
If there is no "fair use" exception the only way to legally use copyrighted material is to obtain permision from the rights holder.
fair use.
Unless it would fall under "fair use" no it is not "okay" to use copyrighted material without permission