They're collectively called packages, unless if you are referring to manually-downloaded compressed TAR archives, which are commonly referred to as tarballs.
There are a variety of different Linux software downloads available for download. One can download basic Linux for free from sites such as Download Linux Free and Softonic.
You can download Linux Mint here: www.linuxmint.com/download.php
There is no version of iChat for Linux.
There is no version of StarUML for Linux.
From any of the websites for the many Linux distros out there.
I don't believe so although GIMP is a free image editor GNU Image Manipulation Program, most linux various are distros or distribution
Linux dedicated servers do not offer packages. It is not a service that you purchase, rather it is a type of server that your service would be running off of.
I assume you are talking about packages in Linux which can be packaged in many different ways. Just for clarification the packages we are talking about here are like .exe files in windows they are packages that install programs. You cannot use .exe in Linux because these files are made for Windows system. Linux distributions have something called a package manager which handles all of the packages (or programs) installed. All Debian based distros (Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Debian,) use .deb files for programs. All Red Hat based distros (Opensuse, Red Hat, Fedora) use .rpm files for programs. All linux distros have one thing in common. You do not need to use firefox to download programs you can use Software Manager/Synaptic/Software Center to install programs on your system. This works because the system uses repositories. These are websites where all of the programs come from. You should search these repositories you might find the program you are looking for. Also if you do not know what Linux distribution to try I would try Linux Mint. It is very user friendly
linux itself is nothing more than a kernel. a core system, other packages are beyond it's scope. in terms of linux distributions, there is no one unifying tool for package updates.
A repository is a collection of software packages hosted on a server.
Linux is a computer operating system which has recently become more more popular. One can download various Linux distributions directly from their website.
There are a HUGE amount of packages available in Linux. Thousands upon thousands. You have to keep in mind that even a program that, to you, is just one program, is actually made up of several packages. For example, if you want to install the VLC media player, you have to install a package called VLC, but also a package called VLC-NOX, VLC-Data, libvlc2, libvcdinfo0, etc...