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You answered your own question. It was the Babylonians.
The Babylonians.
Cyrus, king of Persia, issued an edict inviting the Jews to return to their land from the Babylonian Captivity.
In the Hebrews time his nickname was "Father of the Hebrews"
he was the father of the Hebrews
all the jobs being taken
Sheol usually means to ask.
It was called the First Exile or the First Captivity.
Prior to 586 BCE, the Hebrews were divided into 12 tribes. After the Babylonian Exile, most of the tribes assimilated into Babylonian culture and were lost. The surviving people were mainly from the Tribe of Judah. So they were called Judeans, which later became shorted to Jews.
There are no written records to suggest that the Hebrews were ever in Mesopotamia. But if you mean Babylonia, then it was in the 6th Century BCE, when 10 of the 12 tribes assimilated into Babylonian culture.
They didn't. They were Jewish and remained that way. The Torah is much older than the Babylonian exile.
Moses, half-brother to Ramses, led the Exodus from Egypt, Land of Captivity.