Sediments is pieces of solid material that have been deposited on Earth's surface. The sediments have been deposited by wind, water, ice, gravity, or chemical precipitation.
sediment
meteorite
Height above earths surface is called elevation
Subsidence.
It is called the crust.
Projection
Magma once it reaches the earths surface is called lava.
There is no such thing as half of the Earth. If you are referring to half of the spherical shape of the Earth then it will be a hemisphere.
Yes
meteoroid
A meteorite.
That would be called fog.
The atmosphere