0
What else can I help you with?
What has the author Donald F Monro written?
Donald F. Monro has written: 'Start with BASIC on the Tandy TRS80 Color Computer'
What was the Old radio shack computer?
The original brand name RadioShack sold computers under was TRS80.
What is the importance of the Macintosh computer in the history of computers?
They were? Steve Wozniak designed what was probably the most advanced home computer of its era during the late 70s. Called the Apple, it had colour graphics and sound while the TRS80 was dumb and had black and white block graphics. Then around the middle 80's they introduce the Mac after the miserable failure that was the Lisa computer. This came with a monitor which was vertical (A4 portrait), monochrome, and had a WIMPS operating system. It was popular with offices and publishers because of the word processing software called "Quark". Apple as a company has always strived to create its products around the "Usability" and aesthetic aspect be it software or hardware. They have also been at the forefront of design in the electronics field, making equipment more like pieces of art rather than office equipment. This has led to Apple products becoming youth and cultural icons in their own right.
Who invented the first computer and what year?
It is believed that Archimedes invented the analog computer circa 100BC. An example of this was found by fishermen in the early 1900s on a shipwreck. Charles Babbage invented the digital computer in the 1830s. This machine was mechanical but was never built, mostly because Babbage could not convince anyone to finance it. John Vincent Atanasoff invented the electronic digital computer in 1937 in an Indiana bar. The machine was complete and operational in early 1942, but saw little use as Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry were soon called away to war related work. The University soon scrapped it to make room for more classrooms, because although it was roughly the size of a desk and on casters it had mistakenly been built too wide to fit through a doorway. Tommy Flowers invented the programmable electronic digital computer in 1943. Ten of these machines were used at Bletchley Park to break the German high command "fish" cypher. The inventor of the modern stored program electronic digital computer is unknown and the exact date is unknown, but it was probably sometime in 1944. The idea came up in discussions on Project PX, the WW2 project to build ENIAC, but it was decided not to use it in ENIAC as this would delay construction. John von Neumann is often incorrectly credited with this invention as he wrote the first paper on it, which was prematurely released in draft form before proper credits could be given. The first such computer was not built until 1948 in Manchester, England.
Who invented the computer?
This is not a question with a simple answer. It partly depends on what you mean by "computer". Many inventors contributed to the history of computers and that a computer is a complex piece of machinery made up of many parts, each of which can be considered a separate invention. Many say the first computer is the "difference engine." The first of these devices was conceived in 1786 by J.H. Müller. It was never built.Difference engines were forgotten and then rediscovered in 1822 by Englishman Charles Babbage, who is known as "the father of the Computer". This machine used the decimal numbers system and was powered by cranking a handle. The British government first financed the project but then later cut off support. Babbage went on to design his much more general analytical engine but later returned and produced an improved design (his "Difference Engine No. 2") between 1834 and 1869. But he was never able to build any of these designs.Others point out that this is the first DIGITAL computer. The earliest computer known is the Antikythera Machine, a mechanical analog device that computed the positions of the astrological signs on any given date, past or future. It was discovered in an ancient shipwreck in the Mediterranean Sea and dates to approximately 250 BC. The designer/builder is not known, but because of its similarity to other mechanical devices known to have been designed by Archimedes, it is probably his work.Still others will say the abacus is the first computer. They were invented by the Chinese between 2600 BC and 300 BC is considered as the first computer ever. Abacus was used by the merchants and Clerks in China. However the abacus is NOT automatic, but it is digital; so it is more of a "calculation aid" or "calculator" than a computer.Here is still more input:If you mean Electronic Computer, it was a man called Alan Turing from Cambridge UK, who was drafted in to Bletchley park secret base where they worked at cracking the WWII enigma codes that the Germans used every day. The Germans changed their Enigma machines to a four digit code maker. However, Because what went on at Bletchley Park the computer made from thousands of valves was kept top secret up until recently. The computer, named Colossus was smashed to pieces at the end of the war. The buildings have now been restored as a tourist center.The Colossus Mark I 1943, the world's first programmable, digital, electronic, computing devices... its follow up the Mark II was used by British codebreakers to read encrypted German "tunny" teletype cypher during World War II (notably D Day)The first computer, or "modern computer" was invented in World War II by a German engineer, Konrad Zuse in 1941 called the Z3. The Z3 was a fully digital, binary, floating point arithmetic, electromechanical relay machine programmed with punch recycled 35mm film. About the only things it lacked were conditional branches, loops, and subroutines. It was destroyed in an allied bombing raid after completion but before it saw real use.It was Konrad Zuse. He invented the z1, z2, z3, z4 and other ones. The z3 was the first fully functional program-controlled electromechanical digital computer in the world-completed in 1941. Charles Babbage just made a mechanical computing machine.The first electronic digital computer was invented by Bulgarian John Vincent Atanasoff. He named it the Atanasoff Berry Computer, or the ABC. It was the world's first electronic digital computer and built between 1937-42 by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry at Iowa State University. It used regenerative memory (i.e. dynamic), parallel processing, binary arithmetic and split computing functions (routines) away from memory use and management. However it was not programmable (it could only solve simultaneous equations problems).Now, if we're talking technical knowledge and actual precursors to the PC - IBM may have accidentally spread it around when they allowed cloning of the PC architecture. But they were not the first. [This answer refers to desktop "personal" computers. These were far from the first computers.These are all pre-IBM machines: MITS ALTAIR 8800, Apple II, TRS80, Atari 800 and the Commodore 64. [This answer refers to desktop "personal" computers. These were far from the first computers.Purists who claim that the ALTAIR was not the first, will say it was 'Simon' by Berkley Enterprises, 1950, costing $300. [This answer refers to desktop "personal" computers. These were far from the first computers.]The first completely electronic computer was developed in England in 1943. It was known as Colossus. It took up 1,000 Sq. ft. weighed 30 tons/60,000 pounds. And took 150 kilowatts which is enough power to light up a small town.The first working computer (in the modern sense) was invented by Konrad Zuse. But others had created machines or ideas close to it before. These were people like Pascal, Leibniz and Turing.The first patent for a working computer (outside the military) was the UNIVAC, created by Drs. John Mauchly and Presper Eckert in 1948. They formed the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, which was bought in 1950 (just as they were on the verge of bankruptcy) by Remington Rand. Their computer was used in the 1950 census (starting in mid-1951 when the first one was finished) and by Walter Cronkite in the 1952 Presidential election.The ENIAC patent was declared invalid on October 19, 1973, by US Federal Judge Earl R. Larson. He attributed Atanasoff and Berry with the invention of the electronic digital computer. For more information see the related Link.If you define a computer as the first device for doing mathematical calculations, the answer would be the "Babbage Difference Engine", invented by Charles Babbage but never completely built. However, computers trace their lineage to 19th-century power looms which became "programmable" by use of something akin to a punch-card which was used to determine which color thread would be used at any given time in the loom's weaving process. On an even more basic level, you could consider the first use of cams to determine timing of any mechanism (such as steam engine poppet valves) to be the first "computer".Charles Babbage, an English mathematician, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered a "father of the computer", Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs. His proposed models were the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine. The Difference Engine came first around 1822 and was more limited and not programmable. it was intended to generate mathematical tables. This machine contained 25,000 parts and weighed 15 tons. Babbage followed this with a "difference engine 2" which, although well funded, was never completed. Babbage also designed a printer to go along with the computer, but this also was never completed. In 1989-1991, the London science museum made a difference engine 2 and printer from Babbage's design. Both worked perfectly. The programmer for the Analytical Engine, built around 1825, was Ada Lovelace (first programmer). None of these machines was ever built during Babbage's time, for many reasons including: Babbage could never finalize a design he always had to go on to improved designs, arguments with his machinist, funding, etc.American physicist John Atanasoff built the first rudimentary electronic computer in the late 1930s and early 1940s, although for several decades afterward credit for the first electronic computer went to the scientists who assembled the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) for the United States military by 1945. Danish physicist Allan Mackintosh recounts in a Scientific American article how Atanasoff first conceived of the design principles that are still used in present-day computers. Dr. Atanasoff's Computer The men who for decades were credited with inventing the first electronic digital computers were not, in fact, first. That honor belongs to a once forgotten physicist named John V. Atanasoff.
Who uses command line interface today?
The command line interface is a throw back to before the Windows GUI was invented and everyone used MS-DOS (late seventies early eighties). You may input MS-DOS commands at the command line interface. For example, click on Start>Run>cmd, this will pull up a black screen at the c:> drive. Type in DIR and it will show you all the Directories. To get out of command line type EXIT. The command line is used when the system has problems and you cannot get to Windows. Then you can copy, delete, or start programs at the command line. If you would like to learn the history and competition between MAC and Microsoft and also learn how Windows came to be, rent the movie "The Pirates of Silicon Valley", its great or visit WOZ.ORG, Steve Woznicaks web site, he invented the personal computer and still answers email. Hope this helps. Steve Wosniack did not invent the personal computer. TRS80, Commodore, not to mention the altair, the sinclair, Victor and others. Steve did not even invent the GUI or the mouse - this was done by Xerox Palo Alto.. yes that is right Xerox made things easy to use but failed to market it, the same people who gave you ethernet - what you are hooked up to the net with. Command line functions are many times used for higher level functions and allow people to get to the back end of a program. Sometimes they are there until the GUI can be made for them. Sometimes they are used to allow programmers to do tricks that should not be put into the gui - it keeps the average yo from doing something they should not.
When were personal computers invented?
"By rights Xerox PARC could claim the PC was invented there and built in 1972, they created ALTO the first PC ever built." (years before Apple built their version and marketed it to the public), "not to mention laying the foundation for the program that eventually became the basis for the Macintosh and Windows operating systems." ---research who pirated Apple after they pirated rights from Microsoft- -the facts were stated by cutting edge research among today's foremost scientist's, and theoretical physicist Michio Kaku -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- First personal computer was invented by Steve Jobs and Steve Woznak in 1976. The first PC was an Apple computer. Please Go To www.YouTube.com/BackSpaceFilms For More Info The PC industry began in 1977, when Apple, along with Radio Shack and Commodore, introduced the first off-the-shelf personal computers as consumer products. <><><> Personal Computers and microcomputers were made possible by two technical innovations in the field of microelectronics: the integrated circuit, or IC, which was developed in 1959; and the microprocessor, which first appeared in 1971. The IC permitted the miniaturization of computer-memory circuits, and the microprocessor reduced the size of a computer's CPU to the size of a single silicon chip. The invention of the microprocessor, a machine which combines the equivalent of thousands of transistors on a single, tiny silicon chip, was developed by Ted Hoff at Intel Corporation in the Santa Clara Valley south of San Francisco, California, an area that was destined to become known to the world as Silicon Valley because of the microprocessor and computer industry that grew up there. Because a CPU calculates, performs logical operations, contains operating instructions, and manages data flows, the potential existed for developing a separate system that could function as a complete microcomputer. The first such desktop-size system specifically designed for personal use appeared in 1974; it was offered by Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS). The owners of the system were then encouraged by the editor of a popular technology magazine to create and sell a mail-order computer kit through the magazine. The computer, which was called Altair, retailed for slightly less than $400. The demand for the microcomputer kit was immediate, unexpected, and totally overwhelming. Scores of small entrepreneurial companies responded to this demand by producing computers for the new market. The first major electronics firm to manufacture and sell personal computers, Tandy Corporation (Radio Shack), introduced its model in 1977. It quickly dominated the field, because of the combination of two attractive features: a keyboard and a cathode-ray display terminal (CRT). It was also popular because it could be programmed and the user was able to store information by means of cassette tape. Soon after Tandy's new model was introduced, two engineer-programmers-Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs-started a new computer manufacturing company named Apple Computers. In 1976, in what is now the Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak created a homemade microprocessor computer board called Apple I. Working from Jobs' parents' garage, the two men began to manufacture and market the Apple I to local hobbyists and electronics enthusiasts. Early in 1977, Jobs and Wozniak founded Apple Computer, Inc., and in April of that year introduced the Apple II, the world's first personal computer. Based on a board of their design, the Apple II, complete with keyboard and color graphics capability, retailed for $1290. Some of the new features they introduced into their own microcomputers were expanded memory, inexpensive disk-drive programs and data storage, and color graphics. Apple Computers went on to become the fastest-growing company in U.S. business history. Its rapid growth inspired a large number of similar microcomputer manufacturers to enter the field. Before the end of the decade, the market for personal computers had become clearly defined. In 1981, IBM introduced its own microcomputer model, the IBM PC. Although it did not make use of the most recent computer technology, the PC was a milestone in this burgeoning field. It proved that the microcomputer industry was more than a current fad, and that the microcomputer was in fact a necessary tool for the business community. The PC's use of a 16-bit microprocessor initiated the development of faster and more powerful micros, and its use of an operating system that was available to all other computer makers led to a de facto standardization of the industry. In the mid-1980s, a number of other developments were especially important for the growth of microcomputers. One of these was the introduction of a powerful 32-bit computer capable of running advanced multi-user operating systems at high speeds. This has dulled the distinction between microcomputers and minicomputers, placing enough computing power on an office desktop to serve all small businesses and most medium-size businesses. Another innovation was the introduction of simpler, "user-friendly" methods for controlling the operations of microcomputers. By substituting a graphical user interface (GUI) for the conventional operating system, computers such as the Apple Macintosh allow the user to select icons-graphic symbols of computer functions-from a display screen instead of requiring typed commands. Douglas Engelbart, invented an "X-Y Position Indicator for a Display System": the prototype of the computer "mouse" whose convenience has revolutionized personal computing. New voice-controlled systems are now available, and users may eventually be able to use the words and syntax of spoken language to operate their microcomputers.
What was the persons name who invented computers?
ENIAC was conceived and designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania.The first computer like ours first was invented by Charles Babbage.Approximately 35,000 B.CA small piece of the fibula of a baboon, marked with 29 clearly defined notches, may rank as the oldest mathematical artefact known. Discovered in the early seventies during an excavation of the Border Cave in the Lebombo Mountains between South Africa and Swaziland, the bone has been dated to approximately 35,000 B.C. In a description of the bone, Peter Beaumont, an archaeologist who has done extensive work on Border Cave, has noted that the 7.7 cm long bone resembles calendar sticks still in use today by Bushmen clans in Namibia.- from The oldest mathematical artefact by Bogoshi, Naidoo, and WebbThe abacus was probably invented in the Middle East. In the West, from early Roman times, users calculated with a "table abacus" that involved manipulating coin-like discs, or "jetons," on lines drawn on a table or cloth. The table abacus remained in use in parts of Britain and northern Europe until the late 1600s.In the East, several Asian civilizations used a technique similar to the table abacus until about 1200 AD when the more familiar wire and bead abacus was created in China. As late as 1946, the US Army newspaper Stars and Stripes sponsored a contest pitting a Japanese abacus against an electric calculator. The abacus won.-Computer History Museum1623William Schickard produced the first known mechanical calculator in 1623 while a professor at Germany's Tübingen University-Computer History Museum1860Charles Babbage developed the "Difference Engine," a mechanical device that could perform error-free calculation of polynomial functions. He completed only a small model before the British government withdrew funding, forcing him to abandon the project. Soon after, Swedish scientists Georg and Edvard Scheutz would complete a working version.-Computer History Museum1936Konrad Zuse developed functioning program-controlled computing machinery as early as 1936 and went on to form a successful European computer business in the 1950s-Computer History Museum
What is the meaning of the apple on apple products?
It is the registered trademark logo for the company. It shows it is an 'Apple' product.answ2. In the very early days of computers, brands such as TRS80, Commodore, Altair and so on produced motherboards which could accept daughter boards optimized for particular function.The first Apple products were hand assembled by Steve Wozniak, rather along the lines of the existing products, and curiously claimed an "open" operation. Possibly the Apple was chosen as it is high in the alphabet, or perhaps to symbolize New York (the big apple).In any event, the Beatles already had Apple Records, and fought a battle with the computer co, and won as I recall. But that's 40 years ago.Knowledge also plays a part in this. The apple has for many people in many lands and for many years meant Wisdom, Knowledge, Intelligence. The ease of learn and ease of use that Apple products have meant to millions of people also means Trust. People can trust Apple to look after them at least most of the time. The move to Intel inside has meant that those people who tried to tell stories about the company now have to find someone else to tell stories about. The more recent release of the OS X ( it atually stands for ten) has meant the leasons were learned by Apple on how to encourage and motivate good people to write excellent software not viruses for the Macintosh Family of computer.Computer buffs please add.
Who invented programmable calculator and in what year?
Chronology of calculator developments.YearMajorDevelopmentMechanical CalculatorsElectronic CalculatorsAncient timesThe abacus is the main aid to calculation. c1600"Napier's bones" invented by John Napier for multiplication, based on the ancient numerical scheme known as the Arabian lattice. 1620Slide rule. William Gunter developed a logarithmic rule for multiplication and division using dividers, which was the forerunner of the slide rule. 1622William Oughtred invented the circular slide rule, and in 1633 described the rectilinear version. 1623First mechanical calculator. Willhelm Schickard invented the "Calculating Clock", the first mechanical calculator. It used a version of Napier's bones for multiplication with a mechanical adding/subtracting calculator based on gears, with mutilated gears for carry. 1642Blaise Pascal started to develop a mechanical calculator - the Pascaline. Capable of addition, subtraction was performed by nines-complement addition, and multiplication was performed by repeated additions and subtractions. It had shortcomings and failed to sell. c1673Gottfried Leibniz developed the Stepped Reckoner using stepped gear wheels. Performed the 4 functions, but worked erratically due to an error in the carry mechanism, none sold. 1820Charles Xavier Thomas's Arithmometer. 1851Victor Schilt exhibited a key-driven adding machine at the Crystal Palace Exposition in London. 1853The Scheutz Difference Engine completed: the world's first printing calculator. 1872Start of period of development of commercially successful mechanical calculators. Frank Baldwin in the USA invents the pin-wheel calculator. 1874W.T. Odhner in Sweden independently develops the pin-wheel calculator, the first of the long series of Odhner calculators . Since then, many calculating machines have used the same principle. 1878The first direct multiplication machine was built by Raymond Verea. 1884Dorr E. Felt invents theComptometer, the first succesfull key-driven adding and calculating machine. In 1886 he joined with Robert Tarrant to form the Felt & Tarrant Manufacturing Company which went on to make thousands of Comptometers . 1891William S. Burroughs began commercial manufacture of his printing adding calculator. 1893Millionaire calculator introduced. It allowed direct multiplication by any digit - "one turn of the crank for each figure in the multiplier". 1902The Dalton adding-listing machine was the first of its type to use only ten keys - first 10-key add-lister. 1900-1975Steady development of mechanical calculators - size reduction, electric motor drive, added features (eg. automatic multiplication & division). Madas 20BZS , a typical electrically driven, stepped-gear calculator with automatic multiplication and division. 1948Curta miniature hand-held mechanical calculator introduced. One of the few major innovations in mechanical calculators in the mid 20th century. 1961The first electronic desktop calculators. They use vacuum tubes. The world's first electronic desktop calculators were announced by the Bell Punch Co., Uxbridge, England - theAnita Mk VII for the continental European market and theAnita Mk 8 for other markets. These models used cold-cathode vacuum tubes and numerical display ("Nixie" type) tubes. 1962Development work on transistorised desktop calculators. The Philips company shows prototype 3-function (no division) transistor desk calculator and electronic "Comptometer" type machines. These were to demonstrate what could be achieved with Philips semiconductors and were not sold commercially 1963-1964First commercial transistorised desktop calculators. First commercial all-transistor desktop calculators: Friden EC130 & EC132 , Mathatron, IME 84 , Sharp CS10A . Prices comparable to that of family cars. 1965Start of development of hand-held electronic calculators. Texas Instruments starts development work on a hand-held calculator - the"Cal-Tech". 1969First battery powered, hand-held, electronic calculator. First calculator using just LSI (Large Scale Integration) chips - Sharp QT-8D , with ICs by Rockwell. Size & weight much reduced, calculator now portable. First battery powered, hand-held calculator - Sharp QT-8B . Green fluorescent tube displays introduced . 1970Hand-held calculators take off. First shirt pocket sized electronic calculator. All very expensive. Some of the first hand-held calculators:Canon Pocketronic , Sanyo ICC-0081 , Sharp EL-8 , but very expensive. First use of "calculator on a chip" introduced by Mostek of Dallas - used in Busicom Junior (desk calculator) and allows the production of the first shirt pocket sized electronic calculator, the Busicom LE-120A . First use of LED (Light Emitting Diode) displays used in Busicom LE-120A. 1971First calculator to use a microprocessor. First microprocessor - Intel 4004 - was designed for and used in Busicom 141-PF desk calculator. 1972Rapid development of electronic calculators, and reduction in price. First scientific pocket calculator introduced - Hewlet-Packard HP35 . Ultra-thin Sinclair Executive launched. Many new companies entering the calculator business and prices dropping rapidly. LCD (Liquid Crystal Device) displays appear briefly in a version giving silver-reflective numbers, including:Lloyds Accumatic 100 , Rapidman 1208LC . The Sharp EL-801 sees the first use of C-MOS (Complementary Metal-oxide Semiconductor) integrated circuits in a calculator. 1973First Sharp "COS" (Crystal on Substrate) reflective LCD calculators, including EL-805S . 1974Texas Instruments awarded patent for "miniature electronic calculator", based on the "CalTech" (see 1965). The Hewlett Packard HP65 is the first hand-held programmable calculator. 1975Mechanical calculator manufacture has practically ceased.Mass production makes electronic calculators very cheap. Mechanical calculator sales practically zero. Price of basic pocket calculators now very low, many companies leave the market due to lack of profits. 1976LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) displays (with black numbers) taking over from red LED (Light Emitting Diode) and green fluorescent tube displays in calculators due to their very low power consumption, large numbers, and high contrast. 1978First solar-powered and first credit card sized calculators. The first solar powered calculators were introduced, the Royal Solar 1, Teal Photon , and Sharp EL-8028. The Casio Mini Card LC-78 is the first credit card sized calculator. 1980First hand-held computer The Sharp PC1211 / Tandy TRS80 PC-1 is the first hand-held computer; it has a QWERTY keypad and runs the BASIC language.
