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protocols
Well-known communications protocols are Ethernet, a hardware and Link Layer standard that is ubiquitous in local area networks, and the Internet Protocol Suite, which defines a set of protocols for internetworking, i.e. for data communication between multiple networks, as well as host-to-host data transfer, and application-specific data transmission formats.
Connectionless Protocols: These protocols do not establish a connection between devices. As soon as a device has data to send to another, it just sends it. Answer:A Connectionless Protocol is a data communication method in which communication occurs between hosts with no previous setup. The device at one end of the communication transmits data to the other, without first ensuring that the recipient is available and ready to receive the data. The device sending a message simply sends it addressed to the intended recipient. The internet Protocol (IP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) are connectionless protocols, but TCP/IP (the most common use of IP) is connection-oriented
Protocols are a commonly agreed-upon set of rules for common communication between devices. At the data link layer they have to agree on the rules of how the frame is constructed, otherwise there would be no correct way to deliver frames to the intended systems.
protocols used for network device.
Elementary data link protocols must agree at the most rudimentary level. The data frame must be constructed from this level, and all protocols must agree.
As per my knowledge, AT Command and TNP1 protocols are used in TETRA
advantages of upward communication
Those are the Standards - an agreed upon set of protocols (rules) to describe network communication.
Communication rules are called protocols.
Can span longer distance, fewer data paths, flexibility in design, error detection,