in windows XP
No. Windows NT had it's own kernel and bootloader.
Yes.
In Windows NT, executive refers to the operating system code that runs in kernel mode.
As Unix isn't any particular operating system, there is no distinct name for the kernel. Different versions of Unix may have vastly different kernel structures. The Linux kernel is called, well, the Linux kernel. The Vista kernel is a continuation of the "NT kernel" designed for Windows NT 3.1.
Windows NT uses protection mechanism called rings provides by the process to implement separation between the user mode and kernel mode.
"MINWIN" is what the new windows 7 kernel is referred to as it is essentially a refined version of the NT kernel that Vista and xp all run on.
In Windows NT a mutant provides kernel mode or user mode mutual exclusion with the notion of ownership.
Windows 95 and 98 is based on the Windows 4.x Kernel. Windows 2000 and XP is baed on the NT Kernel. XP sports a different GUI compared to 95982000, this is the main difference between windows 2000/98 and XP.
The Windows XP Architecture uses both Kernel Mode and User Mode. The kernel mode is the layer of the operating system's code that is responsible for handling such fundamental operating system items as virtual memory and scheduling which applications will run at any given time. User mode is where your actual program runs and is controlled by components of the kernel. For example, the kernel is responsible for allocating the memory that an application uses.
Windows 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.1, NT 3.1, NT 3.5, NT 3.51, and Windows NT 4.Windows 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.1, NT 3.1, NT 3.5, NT 3.51, and Windows NT 4.
BSD operating systems include FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, DragonFly BSD and more. Their kernel is based on the BSD 4.4 kernel. "NT based" operating systems is a term that is hardly used any more and has lost much of its meaning. Basically, Windows NT, Windows 2000 Professional/Server and to a much lesser extend, newer versions of Windows Server, XP, Vista and 7 are at least somewhat based on NT. NT operating systems were for servers and business purposes, while Windows 95, 98 and ME were for casual home use and gaming.
Windows 7 does not have a kernel.