As far as Jews who keep their religion are concerned? None.
Okay, then what challenges do Jews face?
1) In matters of belief, some religious Jews may be worried that theories of evolution or Biblical-criticism might undermine what they have been taught about God, Creation, the truth of the Torah, etc.
2) Anti-Semitism still exists.
3) In the workplace or school, traditional Jews have to find a way to be allowed a leave of absence on Jewish holidays. They also need to make arrangements for a kosher lunch.
4) With today's changing moral attitudes, the Jewish laws of decency cannot be taken for granted. There is more immodest dress and flirting in the workplace (and everywhere else) than ever before. One who minds his own business may be ridiculed as aloof.
5) Every new invention needs to be reviewed for possible halakhic ramifications. Here's just one example: refrigerators used to be simple machines whose only issue was disconnecting the light bulb before the Sabbath. Some new refrigerators, however, with their hyper-sensitive temperature maintenance and built-in computer-chip self-awareness, need to be purchased with a Sabbath-mode.
The question is slanted. Judaism believes that it is a good influence on a Jew's life.
There isn't one. This is a purely Christian belief.
When you do bad things, bad things will happen to you (you will get bad Karma)
Because it defines Judaism; and (among other things) it records our early history.
no way
Judaism is passed along matrilineally.
nothing
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they make you feel bad about yourself, and that you enjoy bad things.
Bad things come from nature, such as storms, famine, drought, etc. Bad things caused by people come from bad choices.
bad things bad things
He did not do any bad things