Unless the mare and her son were already highly inbred there probably won't have a
significant problem with the foal. Ideally, this type of breeding in very undesireable, and should be terminated unless done with intent by a knowledgeable breeder who
has a good understanding of the breed, their bloodlines and superior bloodstock.
Yes, both twins will be able to get bred and produce offspring.
Mule :)
Yes.
The hatched Pokemon won't always be shiny, but having a shiny parent helps the chances of shininess.
Inbreeding results in offspring that are homozygous for most traits - the variability tends to be bred out of the population.
artificial selection
Samoyed Hereditary Glomerulopathy is caused by an X-linked dominant faulty allele, and only severely affects male dogs (renal failure). Females who carry the gene can develop mild symptoms, but these are not fatal. When a female carrier is bred with a healthy male, the offspring have a 50% chance of having the faulty allele.
If their karotypes (number of chromosomes) don't match or if they are bred and fail to produce offspring or the offspring are infertile.
By having sex.
If you mean organisms, then it would be true-bred plants, for example, peas are true-bred plants.
If you mean organisms, then it would be true-bred plants, for example, peas are true-bred plants.
It can but too much inbreeding will create health conditions.