Organic compounds with at least two carbon atoms attached through a single bond.
conformational analysis of alkanes
The conformational isomerism of cyclohexane is related to the gauche interactions within its molecular structure. Gauche interactions occur when two groups on adjacent carbons are in a staggered conformation, leading to steric hindrance. This affects the stability of different conformations of cyclohexane, influencing its overall shape and properties.
In chemistry, conformational isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism in which the isomers can be interconverted exclusively by rotations about formally single bonds.conformational space needs to be found for different purposes like docking, annealing, to test proteins etc
Geometric isomerism also known as cis-trans isomerism or E-Z isomerism
The geometrical isomerism is mainly Cis-trans isomerism but in some cases we use another term Z and E isomers, they are almost same.
Isomerism is the phenomenon in which two or more compounds have same molecular formula but their structural formula is different. The compounds are called Isomers.There are 2 types of isomerism.1) Structural Isomerism which is further classied into 5 more types of isomerisms:i) Chain Isomerism which is due to difference in nature or the carbon chain e.g. isopentane, neopentane or n-pentaneii) Position isomerism which is due to the difference in position of the functional group or unsaturated linkage in the same carbon chain. e.g. 1-Chloropropane is the isomer or 2-chloropropane or another example is 1-butene which is isomer of 2-buteneiii) Functional group isomerism in which there are different functional group but same molecular formula. e.g. dimethyl ether is functional group isomer of ethyl alcoholiv) Metamerism is due to the unequal distribution of carbon atoms on either side of the functional group and such compounds belong to same homologous series. e.g. diethyl ether and methyl n-propyl ether are metamers.dietheyl ether: CH3 - CH2 - O - CH2 - CH3methyl n-propyl: CH3 - O - CH2 - CH2 - CH3v) Tautomerism due to shifting of proton from one atom to other in the same molecule.The 2nd type of isomerism is Cis-trans Isomerism or geometric isomerism and compounds who possess same structural formula but differ with respect to the positions of the identical groups in space are called cis-trans isomers and the phenomenon is cis-trans or geometric isomerism.
Structural isomerism is a type of isomerism where the isomers have the same molecular formula but differ in the connectivity of atoms within the molecule. This results in different structural arrangements and different chemical and physical properties among the isomers. There are different types of structural isomerism, such as chain isomerism, positional isomerism, and functional group isomerism.
Optical isomerism arises due to the presence of chiral centers in a molecule, which leads to the molecule being non-superimposable on its mirror image. Geometrical isomerism, on the other hand, arises from restricted rotation around a double bond or ring. Organic compounds can exhibit optical isomerism if they have chiral centers but typically do not show geometrical isomerism unless there are specific structural features like double bonds or rings that limit rotation.
Functional group isomerism, as 1,2-butadiene and cyclobutene are its isomer, 1-butyne is its positional isomer.
George W. Edgett has written: 'Isomerism and What is mind?' -- subject(s): Isomerism, Personality
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A tetrahedral complex of the type MA2B2 does not show geometrical isomerism because the ligands are the same and located in identical positions relative to the metal center, resulting in the same spatial arrangement. Geometrical isomerism arises when there is restricted rotation around a bond, leading to different spatial arrangements of ligands.