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suffer from performance decreases due

to increased system function overhead. Consider the history of Windows NT.

The first release had a layered microkernel organization. However, this version

delivered low performance compared with that of Windows 95. Windows NT

4.0 partially redressed the performance problem by moving layers from user

space to kernel space and integrating them more closely. By the time Windows

XP was designed, its architecture was more monolithic than microkernel.

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