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liver disease, bilirubin and biliverdin (mainly colour)

Glucose and glycosuria can make the urine frothy and smell sweet (hence Diabetes mellitus)

Bicarbonate maintains the acid-base balance in the body so changes to this can affect acidity of urine, as does potasium.

volume of urine can be affected by ADH(vasopressin) which retains more water in times of low blood volumes etc.

Nephron/kidney disease can affect the ability of the nephrons to reabsorb solutes and maintain normal urine concentrations so problems here can lead to changes in urine output/acidity.

a quick overview but i hope this puts you in the right direction.

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Q: What are the factors responsible for color odor acid and volume of urine?
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