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The city of Samaria was originally the capital of the northern Hebrew kingdom, Israel. At one stage, probably during the reigns of Kings Ahab and Omri, Israel extended its territory north into what is now Syria, east into present-day Jordan and westwards to the Mediterranean Sea. However, this expansion was shortlived, and soon the Assyrians reduced Israel to the city of Samaria and a small territory surrounding the city.

After the final conquest of Israel in 722 BCE, the former kingdom became the Assyrian province of Samaria. Large numbers of Israelites were deported or fled to Judah and Egypt, while the Assyrians repopulated the region with people from other conquered lands. Eventually the people of Samaria became known as Samarians, or Samaritans.

During the early Roman period, as in the first century CE, Judea was to the south of Samaria, with Idumea to its south, Perea was east of Samaria, Decapolis to the east-northeast, with Galilee and Phoenicia to the north.

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