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What are the release dates for Days of Our Lives - 1965 1-11145?
Days of Our Lives - 1965 1-11145 was released on: USA: 17 August 2009 USA: 17 August 2009 Belgium: 4 January 2014
What is the ISBN of Planet of Judgment?
The ISBN of Planet of Judgment is 0-553-11145-0.
What are the ratings and certificates for Jungle Raiders - 1945?
Jungle Raiders - 1945 is rated/received certificates of: USA:Passed (National Board of Review) USA:Approved (PCA #11131-11145)
Where is the Alabama Trail Of Tears Corridor Association in Huntsville Alabama located?
The address of the Alabama Trail Of Tears Corridor Association is: Po Box 11145, Huntsville, AL 35814-1145
Who is the actress in the fifty plus advert?
Kathy H is the best I can do. http://www.zeoteksiteviewer.co.uk/model-gallery/model-details.asp?id=91&p=11145&g=1&c=2 Kathy Hill from: http://www.needhamsmodels.com/Classic/index.cfm?fuseaction=details&id=1026
Who holds the record for most errors on the Phillies?
PHILADELPHIA PHILLIESCAREERERRORS E1 Mickey Doolan 4642 Bill Hallman 3643 Jack Clements 3604 Granny Hamner 332T5 Joe Mulvey 328T5 Mike Schmidt 3287 Ed Delahanty 3158 Bob Allen 3119 Monte Cross 31010 Red Dooin 30811 Dave Bancroft 27312 Heinie Sand 26413 Bert Myers 233T14 Otto Knabe 226T14 Sid Farrar 22616 Rudy Hulswitt 20417 Kid Gleason 20118 Arthur Irwin 19319 Fred Luderus 19120 Lave Cross 18521 Puddin' Head Jones 17922 Dick Allen 17223 Dick Bartell 160T24 Tony Taylor 156T24 Larry Bowa 15626 Bill McClellan 15527 Charlie Bastian 14828 Bernie Friberg 14529 Harry Wolverton 13830 Pinky Whitney 13731 Russ Wrightstone 134T32 Fresco Thompson 132T32 Kitty Bransfield 13234 Sherry Magee 13135 Bert Niehoff 12236 Bobby Bragan 121T37 Nap Lajoie 120T37 Billy Hamilton 120T37 Joe Sullivan 12040 Eddie Grant 118T41 Juan Samuel 117T41 Charlie Reilly 11743 George Scharein 11244 Andy Seminick 11145 Billy Lauder 10946 Ernie Courtney 107T47 Don Hurst 106T47 Frank Parkinson 106T47 Lou Chiozza 106T47 Del Ennis 10651 Pop Schriver 10552 Chuck Klein 10353 Jack Boyle 100
How do you get people to fund you?
is program works perfectly. I have never failed to make $25,000.00 on each mailing. This is a great business opportunity and a perfect legal money making program, it doesn't require you to sell anything or come in contact with anyone. Best of all, the only time you leave home is to mail the letters and that's easy! I'm sure you could use $25,000.00 in the next 20 to 90 days. Please study this letter carefully. THIS IS NOT A CHAIN LETTER! This is a perfectly legal money making opportunity. Please be sure to follow the instruction exactly as they are written. Immediately send $1.00 to each of the six names listed on this page and request your name be added to the mailing list. This is the step that makes the program legal. Remove the name in the number 1 position and move each of the other names up one place (#2 becomes #1, #3 becomes #2, etc.) then put your name in the sixth position. An easy way to do this is to just retype or print on a separate piece of paper the six names with yours as the sixth names; then simply type the new list over the area where the old names are shown and your ready to photocopy. Please make sure that you don't change the names on the list other then to add your self to the list in the sixth position. Please be fair to the other people that willbe sending there dollars with your name on it as this makes the program work perfectly. Very few people need to respond for this to work. Remember this is legal. (Refer to tite 18 Section 1302 & 1342 of the Pastal and Lottery Laws found on the internet). PLEASE SEND $1.00 TO EACH OF THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE: 1. Donald Lech 14116 Parkvale Rd. Rockville, MD 20853 2. Gery Ruby 25880 Tower Rd. Jonesburg, MO 63351 3. Reese Thornton 17 Wolcott Street. Weymouth, MA 02191 4. Audrey Reynolds 11145- 178th Street. Jamacia Queens, N.Y 11433 5. Xavier Smith 3549 Springle Street. Detroit, MI 48215 6. Regina Salow 3904- Bennett Lane. Bonita Springs, FL 34134 Here are a few tips I have learned: (Merely Suggestions) 1. When you handle alot of letters, an electronic opener is great. 2. File your responses alphabetically every day to keep track of you earnings. 3. STAY COOL...Keep your job until you have time to plan your next step. 4. NOTE: When you send out these letters, you are in the mail order business. 5. Put 20% in saving: set aside 10% for your next project or mailing list; 10% for bills; 30 for taxes; and 20% to play with. Not enough? MAIL! MAIL! MAIL! 6. People are sending you $1.00 to be put on your mailing list. This is a legal, helpful service. See Title 18 section 1302 & 1342 of the U.S Postal and Lottery Laws. 7. If you tried this system before and it failed, it was probaly because you mailed them to your friends... NO KIDDING! This time, get the mailing list labels and SHARE WITH YOUR FRIENDS AFTER YOU HAVE PROVEN THAT IT WORKS
How does 10000 look like?
This program works perfectly. I have never failed to make $25,000.00 on each mailing. This is a great business opportunity and a perfect legal money making program, it doesn't require you to sell anything or come in contact with anyone. Best of all, the only time you leave home is to mail the letters and that's easy! I'm sure you could use $25,000.00 in the next 20 to 90 days. Please study this letter carefully. THIS IS NOT A CHAIN LETTER! This is a perfectly legal money making opportunity. Please be sure to follow the instruction exactly as they are written. Immediately send $1.00 to each of the six names listed on this page and request your name be added to the mailing list. This is the step that makes the program legal. Remove the name in the number 1 position and move each of the other names up one place (#2 becomes #1, #3 becomes #2, etc.) then put your name in the sixth position. An easy way to do this is to just retype or print on a separate piece of paper the six names with yours as the sixth names; then simply type the new list over the area where the old names are shown and your ready to photocopy. Please make sure that you don't change the names on the list other then to add your self to the list in the sixth position. Please be fair to the other people that willbe sending there dollars with your name on it as this makes the program work perfectly. Very few people need to respond for this to work. Remember this is legal. (Refer to tite 18 Section 1302 & 1342 of the Pastal and Lottery Laws found on the internet). PLEASE SEND $1.00 TO EACH OF THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE: 1. Donald Lech 14116 Parkvale Rd. Rockville, MD 20853 2. Gery Ruby 25880 Tower Rd. Jonesburg, MO 63351 3. Reese Thornton 17 Wolcott Street. Weymouth, MA 02191 4. Audrey Reynolds 11145- 178th Street. Jamacia Queens, N.Y 11433 5. Xavier Smith 3549 Springle Street. Detroit, MI 48215 6. Regina Salow 3904- Bennett Lane. Bonita Springs, FL 34134 Here are a few tips I have learned: (Merely Suggestions) 1. When you handle alot of letters, an electronic opener is great. 2. File your responses alphabetically every day to keep track of you earnings. 3. STAY COOL...Keep your job until you have time to plan your next step. 4. NOTE: When you send out these letters, you are in the mail order business. 5. Put 20% in saving: set aside 10% for your next project or mailing list; 10% for bills; 30 for taxes; and 20% to play with. Not enough? MAIL! MAIL! MAIL! 6. People are sending you $1.00 to be put on your mailing list. This is a legal, helpful service. See Title 18 section 1302 & 1342 of the U.S Postal and Lottery Laws. 7. If you tried this system before and it failed, it was probaly because you mailed them to your friends... NO KIDDING! This time, get the mailing list labels and SHARE WITH YOUR FRIENDS AFTER YOU HAVE PROVEN THAT IT WORKS
How do business specialize?
This program works perfectly. I have never failed to make $25,000.00 on each mailing. This is a great business opportunity and a perfect legal money making program, it doesn't require you to sell anything or come in contact with anyone. Best of all, the only time you leave home is to mail the letters and that's easy! I'm sure you could use $25,000.00 in the next 20 to 90 days. Please study this letter carefully. THIS IS NOT A CHAIN LETTER! This is a perfectly legal money making opportunity. Please be sure to follow the instruction exactly as they are written. Immediately send $1.00 to each of the six names listed on this page and request your name be added to the mailing list. This is the step that makes the program legal. Remove the name in the number 1 position and move each of the other names up one place (#2 becomes #1, #3 becomes #2, etc.) then put your name in the sixth position. An easy way to do this is to just retype or print on a separate piece of paper the six names with yours as the sixth names; then simply type the new list over the area where the old names are shown and your ready to photocopy. Please make sure that you don't change the names on the list other then to add your self to the list in the sixth position. Please be fair to the other people that willbe sending there dollars with your name on it as this makes the program work perfectly. Very few people need to respond for this to work. Remember this is legal. (Refer to tite 18 Section 1302 & 1342 of the Pastal and Lottery Laws found on the internet). PLEASE SEND $1.00 TO EACH OF THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE: 1. Donald Lech 14116 Parkvale Rd. Rockville, MD 20853 2. Gery Ruby 25880 Tower Rd. Jonesburg, MO 63351 3. Reese Thornton 17 Wolcott Street. Weymouth, MA 02191 4. Audrey Reynolds 11145- 178th Street. Jamacia Queens, N.Y 11433 5. Xavier Smith 3549 Springle Street. Detroit, MI 48215 6. Regina Salow 3904- Bennett Lane. Bonita Springs, FL 34134 Here are a few tips I have learned: (Merely Suggestions) 1. When you handle alot of letters, an electronic opener is great. 2. File your responses alphabetically every day to keep track of you earnings. 3. STAY COOL...Keep your job until you have time to plan your next step. 4. NOTE: When you send out these letters, you are in the mail order business. 5. Put 20% in saving: set aside 10% for your next project or mailing list; 10% for bills; 30 for taxes; and 20% to play with. Not enough? MAIL! MAIL! MAIL! 6. People are sending you $1.00 to be put on your mailing list. This is a legal, helpful service. See Title 18 section 1302 & 1342 of the U.S Postal and Lottery Laws. 7. If you tried this system before and it failed, it was probaly because you mailed them to your friends... NO KIDDING! This time, get the mailing list labels and SHARE WITH YOUR FRIENDS AFTER YOU HAVE PROVEN THAT IT WORKS
What are all Pokemon codes for action replay?
There are millions of ar codes so I cannot tell you them all, but here are some good ones;Weather-Modifier94000130 FCFF0000 B21C4D28 00000000 B0000004 00000000 DA000000 00112F58 D7000000 0000150A D2000000 00000000Simply type in your Pokétch calculator your desired weather and press L+R. Then go into any menu (bag, Pokédex, etc.) and go out of it.01 = Dark02 = Rain 103 = Rain 204 = Rain 305 = Snow 106 = Snow 207 = Snow 308 = White background09 = Ash rain 110 = Ash rain 211 = Diamond rain (Birthday-Event)12 = Earthquake13 = Hall of beginning14 = Fog 115 = Fog 216 = Dark cave 117 = Flash and lightningMusic-Modifier94000130 FCFF0000 B21C4D28 00000000 B0000004 00000000 DA000000 00112F58 D3000000 00000000 D7000000 021C3D86 D2000000 00000000Simply type in your Pokétch calculator your desired music ID and hold L+R while climbing on your bike or while changing the route. Who traslates this German list correctly gets a cookie, I have no idea of the English names. (A French list is also avaiable.) Thanks to shadowmanwkp for translating the list (partially).1000: Mysterious zone1001: Nothing1004: Twinleaf town1005: Sandgem town1006: Floa1007: Trostu/Weideburg (Day)1008: Kahlberg (Outside) Route 225/226/227 (Day)1009: Erholungsgebiet/Kühnheitsufer/Route 213 (Day)1010: Jubilife city (Day)1011: Fleetburg (Day)1012: Erzelingen (Day)1013: Elyses/Ewigenau (Day)1014: Herzhofen (Day)1015: Trostu/Weideburg (Day)1016: Schleide (Day)1017: Sonnenwik1018: Blizzard1019: Pokémon league (day)1020: Battle area/Survival area (Day)1021: Route 2011022: Route 203/218 (Day)1023: Route 205/West-211 (Day)1024: Route 206 (Day)1025: Route (Day)1026: Route East-211 (Day)1027: Route 216 (Day)1028: Route 228/229 (Day)1029: Prof. Rowan's labor1030: Search for the red Gyarados1031: Ewigenau1032: Route 2051033: Twinleaf town1034: Sandgem town1035: Flori1036: Trostu/Weideburg (Night 2)1037: Kahlberg (outside) Route 225/226/227 (Night)1038: Erholungsgebiet/Kühnheitsufer/Route 213 (Night)1039: Jubilife city (Night)1040: Fleetburg (Night)1041: Erzlingen (Night)1042: Elyses/Ewigenau (Night)1043: Herzhofen (Night)1044: Trostu/Weideburg (Night)1045: Schleide (Night)1046: Sonnenwik (Night)1047: Blizzach (Night)1048: Pokémon league (Night)1049: Battle area/Survival area (Night)1050: Route 2011051: Route 203/218 (Night)1052: Route 205/West-211/Valley windworks(Night)1053: Route 206 (Night)1054: Route (Night)1055: Route Ost-211 (Night)1056: Route 216 (Night)1057: Route 228/229 (Night)1058: Elyses/Ewigenau (Special)1059: Route 205 (Special)1060: Underground1061: Basis-Fahne geklaut!1062: Siegesstrasse1063: Secret melody1064: Grusel-song1065: Trio cave1066: Platz der Treue1067: Team Galactic 11068: Team Galactic 21069: Grossmor1070: Trio lake1071: Kraterberg1072: Speersäule1073: Kahlberg1074: Cave 11075: Cave 21076: Pokémon League(inside)1077: Hall of fame1084: Prof. Rowans laboratory1085: Pokémon Center (day)1086: Pokémon Center (Night)1087: Gym1088: Ruhmeshalle1089: Knursperei/Contest hall1090: Pokémon Mart1091: Game Corner1092: Duellturm1093: Jubilife city TV station1094: Secret laboratory (Team Galactic)1100: Trainer spotted! (Teenager)1101: Trainer spotted! (Planscher)1102: Trainer spotted! (Rocker/Policeman/Psychic/Schwarzgurt)1103: Trainer spotted! (Team galactic grunt)1104: Trainer spotted! (Umbrella lady/Beauty)1105: Trainer spotted! (Runemaniac/Explorer)1106: Trainer spotted! (Gambler)1107: Trainer spotted! (Angler/Sailer)1108: Trainer spotted! (Forscher/PKMN-Sammler)1109: Trainer spotted! (Ass-Trainer/PKMN-Ranger)1113: Elite four battle!1114: Champion Cynthia battle!1116: Wild Pokémon1117: Gym theme1118: Trio1119: Trainer1120: Team galactic boss: Cyrus1121: Dialga/Palkia1122: Champion Cynthia1123: Galactic Rüpel1124: Rivale1125: The god pokémon: arceus1126: Legendary Pokémon1127: Pokémon caught1128: Trainer sighted1129: Gym leader meeting1130: Champion Cynthia meeting1131: Team glactic Commander/Rüpel meeting1132: Team galctit boss: Cyrus1133: Elite four meeting1134: Team galactic Commander: Jupiter/Mars/Saturn1136: Elite four1138: No Chase1139: Rival spotted!1140: Verbrecher!1141: Pokémon trade1144: Dialga/Palkia enters our Dimension 11145: Dialga/Palkia enters our Dimension 21150: Poké-Radar1151: Surf song1152: Bicycle Theme1169: Knursp-House1171: Ruhmeshalle 21172: Intro1173: Titlescreen1174: Wi-Fi 11175: Wi-Fi 21176: Contest dancing-song 11177: Contest dancing-song 11178: Contest dancing-song 11179: Contest dancing-song 21180: Contest dancing-song 21181: Contest Price ceremony1182: Contest Winner1183: Knurspe backen1186: Credits1187: Knurspe backen1000: Mysterious zone1001: Nothing1004: Twinleaf town1005: Sandgem town1006: Floa1007: Trostu/Weideburg (Day)1008: Kahlberg (Outside) Route 225/226/227 (Day)1009: Erholungsgebiet/Kühnheitsufer/Route 213 (Day)1010: Jubilife city (Day)1011: Fleetburg (Day)1012: Erzelingen (Day)1013: Elyses/Ewigenau (Day)1014: Herzhofen (Day)1015: Trostu/Weideburg (Day)1016: Schleide (Day)1017: Sonnenwik1018: Blizzard1019: Pokémon league (day)1020: Battle area/Survival area (Day)1021: Route 2011022: Route 203/218 (Day)1023: Route 205/West-211 (Day)1024: Route 206 (Day)1025: Route (Day)1026: Route East-211 (Day)1027: Route 216 (Day)1028: Route 228/229 (Day)1029: Prof. Rowan's labor1030: Search for the red Gyarados1031: Ewigenau1032: Route 2051033: Twinleaf town1034: Sandgem town1035: Flori1036: Trostu/Weideburg (Night 2)1037: Kahlberg (outside) Route 225/226/227 (Night)1038: Erholungsgebiet/Kühnheitsufer/Route 213 (Night)1039: Jubilife city (Night)1040: Fleetburg (Night)1041: Erzlingen (Night)1042: Elyses/Ewigenau (Night)1043: Herzhofen (Night)1044: Trostu/Weideburg (Night)1045: Schleide (Night)1046: Sonnenwik (Night)1047: Blizzach (Night)1048: Pokémon league (Night)1049: Battle area/Survival area (Night)1050: Route 2011051: Route 203/218 (Night)1052: Route 205/West-211/Valley windworks(Night)1053: Route 206 (Night)1054: Route (Night)1055: Route Ost-211 (Night)1056: Route 216 (Night)1057: Route 228/229 (Night)1058: Elyses/Ewigenau (Special)1059: Route 205 (Special)1060: Underground1061: Basis-Fahne geklaut!1062: Siegesstrasse1063: Secret melody1064: Grusel-song1065: Trio cave1066: Platz der Treue1067: Team Galactic 11068: Team Galactic 21069: Grossmor1070: Trio lake1071: Kraterberg1072: Speersäule1073: Kahlberg1074: Cave 11075: Cave 21076: Pokémon League(inside)1077: Hall of fame1084: Prof. Rowans laboratory1085: Pokémon Center (day)1086: Pokémon Center (Night)1087: Gym1088: Ruhmeshalle1089: Knursperei/Contest hall1090: Pokémon Mart1091: Game Corner1092: Duellturm1093: Jubilife city TV station1094: Secret laboratory (Team Galactic)1100: Trainer spotted! (Teenager)1101: Trainer spotted! (Planscher)1102: Trainer spotted! (Rocker/Policeman/Psychic/Schwarzgurt)1103: Trainer spotted! (Team galactic grunt)1104: Trainer spotted! (Umbrella lady/Beauty)1105: Trainer spotted! (Runemaniac/Explorer)1106: Trainer spotted! (Gambler)1107: Trainer spotted! (Angler/Sailer)1108: Trainer spotted! (Forscher/PKMN-Sammler)1109: Trainer spotted! (Ass-Trainer/PKMN-Ranger)1113: Elite four battle!1114: Champion Cynthia battle!1116: Wild Pokémon1117: Gym theme1118: Trio1119: Trainer1120: Team galactic boss: Cyrus1121: Dialga/Palkia1122: Champion Cynthia1123: Galactic Rüpel1124: Rivale1125: The god pokémon: arceus1126: Legendary Pokémon1127: Pokémon caught1128: Trainer sighted1129: Gym leader meeting1130: Champion Cynthia meeting1131: Team glactic Commander/Rüpel meeting1132: Team galctit boss: Cyrus1133: Elite four meeting1134: Team galactic Commander: Jupiter/Mars/Saturn1136: Elite four1138: No Chase1139: Rival spotted!1140: Verbrecher!1141: Pokémon trade1144: Dialga/Palkia enters our Dimension 11145: Dialga/Palkia enters our Dimension 21150: Poké-Radar1151: Surf song1152: Bicycle Theme1169: Knursp-House1171: Ruhmeshalle 21172: Intro1173: Titlescreen1174: Wi-Fi 11175: Wi-Fi 21176: Contest dancing-song 11177: Contest dancing-song 11178: Contest dancing-song 11179: Contest dancing-song 21180: Contest dancing-song 21181: Contest Price ceremony1182: Contest Winner1183: Knurspe backen1186: Credits1187: Knurspe backenPlayer-Modifier94000130 FEFF0000 B21C4D28 00000000 B0000004 00000000 DA000000 00112F58 D7000000 00024A9C D2000000 00000000Use your Pokétch calculator to modify your player's apperance. Below you'll find the ID's that you can use. For example you type in the calculator 155, then you have to hold R while going into a house (or getting out of it) and you'll be a Palkia. Note: It does exist a version 1.1, but that version is currently buggy. See here for the numbers:http://www.kodewerx.org/wiki/imagesffcPlayer_modifier_list.pngUSA Wild Pokemon, Level and Nature Modifier94000130 FDFF0000B21C4D28 00000000B0000004 00000000D9000000 00112F58C0000000 0000000CDC000000 00000004D6000000 0002461CD1000000 00000000C0000000 0000000CD6000000 0002461CD2000000 0000000094000130 FEFF0000B21C4D28 00000000B0000004 00000000D9000000 00112F58C0000000 0000000CD6000000 0002461CDC000000 00000004D2000000 0000000094000130 FFFB0000B21C4D28 00000000B0000004 00000000DA000000 00112F58D4000000 00002400D3000000 00000000D7000000 02066D98D2000000 00000000InstructionsTo set Pokemon:Enter the National Dex number of the Pokemon you want into the calculator and press L.To set Level:Enter the level (1-100), that you want your Pokemon to be into the calculator and press R.To set Nature:Enter the Nature Number of the nature you want the Pokemon to have and press Select.Corresponding Nature and Number List:0) Hardy1) Lonely2) Brave3) Adamant4) Naughty5) Bold6) Docile7) Relaxed8) Impish9) Lax10) Timid11) Hasty12) Serious13) Jolly14) Naive15) Modest16) Mild17) Quiet18) Bashful19) Rash20) Calm21) Gentle22) Sassy23) Careful24) QuirkyCrazy Zoom v1.2B21C4D28 00000000B0000004 00000000DC000000 0000150EA0000000 FF000004D3000000 00000000121CED48 0000F000D2000000 00000000B21C59A4 00000000DA000000 0000001A94000130 FCF30204D4000000 FFFFFFFFD0000000 0000000094000130 FCF30208D4000000 00000001D0000000 0000000074000100 FF000020D7000000 0000001AD2000000 00000000B21C59A4 00000000DA000000 0000002294000130 FCF30108D4000000 FFFFFFFFD0000000 0000000094000130 FCF30104D4000000 00000001D0000000 0000000074000100 FF000020D7000000 00000022D2000000 00000000B21C59A4 00000000DA000000 0000002A94000130 FCF30004D4000000 FFFFFFFFD0000000 0000000094000130 FCF30008D4000000 00000001D0000000 0000000074000100 FF000020D7000000 0000002AD2000000 00000000:: Features* Zoomo R+Start - Zoom ino R+Select - Zoom out* Rotation Left/Righto L+Select - Lefto L+Start - Right* Rotation Up/Downo L+R+Start - Upo L+R+Select - DownMotion3D94000130 FDFF0000DA000000 02000002B21C4D28 00000000B0000004 00000000D7000000 0000150EDC000000 FFFFFFFE94000130 FFF70000DA000000 00112F58D3000000 00000000D7000000 02000002D2000000 00000000Simply type in your Poktéch calculator the number of your desired camera perspective and press L + Start to save the number in the memory. Then hold L while going into a house (or getting out of it) for using that number.:: Camera perspectives00 - Basic 3D04 - Basic 2D05 - 3D Like on Spear Pillar08 - 3D Camera high placed, like on Stark Mountain09 - 3D Better sight, like in the Eterna City arena14 - 3D Little dwarfs in a world of giants, like in Hall of Origin
What is the zip code of Amman?
LocationZip codeAMMAN CENTRAL11110AL -ABDALI11190AL - SUWAIFIYAH11185JORDAN UNIVERSITY11942AL-JUBAIHA11941TLA" ALI11953JORDAN HOTEL11180AL-WEHDAT11152MARKA11134EL-MUHAJREIN11115JABAL -AL-HUSSAIN (W)11192AL - HUSSAEN (E)11121AL - WEIBDEH11191AL -HASHMI AL-SHMALI11123AMMAN CITY CENTER11118AL -MAHATTAH11131ZAHRAN11183JABAL AMMAN11181AL-HASHMI AL-JANOUBI11120JABAL AL - NASER11140SUWALEH11910DHAHIYAT AL-YARMOUK 11954AL-MQABALAIN11623KHREBET AL-SUQ11621AL-YADUDAH11610JABAL AL - TAJ11141AL - SHIMAISANI11194TAREQ11947AL- ZUHUR11163ABU ALANDA11592AL-MADINA AL-RIYADHIYAH11196JABAL AL - JUFAH11145HAI AL- MAZARI11133AL-QUWEISMEH11593DHAHIYAT AL-AMIR RASHED11831UM AS -SUMMAQ & KHULDA11821SHAFA BADRAN11934APPLIED SCIENCE UNIVERSITY POST OFFICE11931ABU NUSSAIR HOUSING POST OFFICE11937HAI-NAZZAL11171JABAL AL- NUZHA11124HAI AL - MANARA11143CITY TERMINAL of R.J. POST OFFICE11187ABU ALIA / TAREQ POST OFFICE11946AL-BURJ POST OFFICE /AMMAN11184QASER AL-ADEL POST OFFICE111105PRIME MINISTERY POST OFFICE COUNTER11111PARLMENT HOUSE P.O11101JABAL AL - QUSUR11122LICENCE AUTHORITY P . O .11130JEBEL AL - NAZEEF P . O .11161SALYAH16663AL -RAM16665AL - GIZA16010UM - QUSIR16173NA'UR11710AL - RAWDAH17129UM EL - BASATIN17138AL - HUSSAIN MEDICAL CITY11855AL - MUWAQQAR16310IRAQ AL - AMIR11874ALIA HOUSING11731DABOUQ POST OFFICE11822MARJ AL-HAMAM11732DHAHIYAT AL AMIR HAMZAH11733AL - ABDALI11531AL - FAISALIYEH /MADABA16384AL - LUBBAN11652HUSBAN POST OFFICE17127AL- MUSHAQQAR17198AL - RAWNAQ11844BADER AL -JADIDEH11891BAYADER WADI AL -SEER11814SAHA'B11511SAHAB INDUSTRY POST OFFICE11512WADI AL SEER11810UM RUMMANEH16194UM -AL- RASAS16610UM EL- AMAD16197
What influence does grain size have on mechanical properties of metal?
Influence of grain size on following properties of meatals:- Hardness Strength Impactness Toughness Creep Fatigue Ductility Malleability Durability Brittleness INTRODUCTION Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP) have proved to be important structural ceramics. High strength and fracture toughness make them attractive candidates for a number of demanding applications. It was established that these advantageous properties are strongly influenced by the ceramic microstructure [1]. The relationships between microstructure and mechanical properties in Y-TZP ceramics have been studied extensively over the past two decades. It is now generally agreed that the transformation toughening effect (stress-induced tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation) in Y-TZP ceramics is grain size dependent [2 7]. The larger the tetragonal grains the greater propensity to undergo stress-induced transformation to an equilibrium structure, resulting in an enhanced toughness. The maximum toughness lies near the critical grain size, where the tetragonal grains undergo spontaneous tetragonal to monoclinic transformation [7]. It was found that this critical grain size depends on the yttria content [6, 7]. However, the critical grain size, cited for 3Y-TZP (3 mol% Y2O3), which is the most common zirconia ceramic material, varies significantly (from 1 to 6 µm) [3, 8-9]. This could be attributed to different processing procedures that result in different ceramic microstructures. Thus, microstructural parameters like porosity, grain size distribution, yttrium distribution in grains, purity, phase assemblage, etc. need to be taken into account for evaluating the microstructure. In contrast to the fracture toughness the strength of 3Y-TZP reaches its maximum usually at smaller grain size [5, 10]. Increasing size of failure origin coupled with microstructural coarsening was identified as the reason for strength decrease in ceramics with large grains [11]. However, the increase of strength with decreasing grain size cannot be extended to the nanocrystalline range in 3Y-TZP. Eichler et al. [10] determined the strength maximum for 3Y-TZP in the submicron range and noted a clear strength decrease in the nanocrystalline grain size range (~100 nm). In this case, the strength decrease was attributed to the grain size dependence of fracture toughness. A decrease in the fracture toughness was observed as the grain size changed from the submicrometre to the nanometre range [10, 12]. These results validate the assumption that the increase of critical defects during microstructural coarsening is connected with the formation of stress induced transformed regions at the free surface and takes place preferentially in ceramics with grains near the critical size [11]. Nevertheless, special processing of TZP ceramics has been reported, which can partially eliminate the increase of critical defects during coarsening, resulting in almost constant strength, independent of grain size [8, 9]. Original papers Ceramics − Silikáty 52 (3) 165-171 (2008) 165 EFFECT OF GRAIN SIZE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 3Y-TZP CERAMICS MARTIN TRUNEC Department of Ceramics and Polymers, Brno University of Technology Technicka 2896/2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic E-mail: trunec@fme.vutbr.cz Submitted June 21, accepted September 4, 2008 Keywords: Zirconia, Nanoceramics, Transformation toughening, Microstructure, Mechanical properties The dependence of mechanical properties of 3Y-TZP ceramics on their grain sizes in the range from 0.19 µm to 2.15 µm has been investigated. Vickers indentation tests were used to determine hardness and fracture toughness. The hardness decreased with increasing grain size. The fracture toughness was almost constant for ceramics with the grain size up to 0.40 µm and then grew with increasing grain size up to 7.8 MPam0.5 for ceramics with grain size of 1.8 µm. Above this grain size a spontaneous transformation from tetragonal to monoclinic phase occurred. Ceramic samples with grain sizes of 0.30 µm and 0.78 µm yielded similar bending strength, 1020 and 1011 MPa, respectively. The microstructural coarsening required for achieving larger grain size resulted in a higher scatter of strength values, which was demonstrated by a lower Weibull modulus (13.0 vs. 7.54). The mechanical properties of nanocrystalline 3Y-zirconia ceramics coarsened to the grain size range from 0.085 to 0.70 µm were also investigated and compared. Differences in mechanical behaviour of investigated ceramics were observed and their possible causes discussed. The objective of the present investigation was to describe the dependence of mechanical properties of commercial submicrometre-grained 3Y-TZP ceramics on grain size and to compare their mechanical properties to the mechanical properties of nanocrystalline zirconia ceramics and nanocrystalline ceramics coarsened to the submicrometre range. EXPERIMENTAL Two zirconia powders stabilized by 3 mol% Y2O3 were used for the preparation of test specimens. Commercial zirconia powder TZ-3YB (Tosoh, Japan) was cold isostatically pressed at 300 MPa into disk-shaped bodies (diameter 28 mm; thickness 5 mm). For comparison, a nanocrystalline zirconia powder B261 (BUT, Czech Republic) was used. Details of the preparation of the nanopowder can be found in [13]. Nanocrystalline powder was cold isostatically pressed at 1000 MPa without additives. The pressed bodies were 18 mm in diameter and 5 mm thick. These bodies were ground to a thickness of 1.5 mm prior to sintering. Both types of bodies were densified by pressureless sintering in air at temperatures from 1100 to 1650°C and dwell times ranging from 0 to 50 hours. The density of sintered specimens was determined by the Archimedes method [14] with distilled water as the immersing medium. The relative density of all ceramic bodies was calculated using the value 6.1 g·cm-3 for the theoretical density of 3Y-TZP. The grain size of the sintered ceramics was evaluated by linear intercept method (without correction) on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of polished and thermally etched samples, in a similar way as in [15]. At least three micrographs and total of 300 intersects were evaluated to determine the average grain size for each sintering batch. The phase composition of the sintered ceramics was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis (X´pert, Philips, the Netherlands). The X-ray spectra of polished and fracture surface were obtained and the phase content was quantified using Rietveld analysis. For hardness and fracture toughness evaluation Vickers indentation tests (LV 700, Leco, USA) were used. Prior to indentation ceramic disks were mounted in a resin and their surfaces ground and polished (finishing with 1 µm diamond polishing fluid). Hardness tests were performed at a load of 9.8 N (1 kg) and a hold of 15 s. For determining the Vickers hardness, HV (MPa), the following expression was used: HV = 1.8544 P/d 2, (1) where P is the applied load and d is the average diagonal line length of the indentation. Ten indentations were made for each sample. Toughness was calculated directly from the crack lengths produced by Vickers indentation at higher loads. Applied loads were 49.05 N (5 kg), 98.1 N (10 kg), 196.2 N (20 kg) and 294.3 N (30 kg) always with a hold of 15 s. The crack lengths were measured immediately after indentation using a calibrated optical microscope. The fracture toughness, KIc (MPam0.5), was calculated using the equation given by Niihara et al. [16] for Palmqvist cracks: KIc = 9.052 × 10-3 H3/5 E2/5 d c-1/2 , (2) where H is the hardness, E the Young modulus (a value of 210 GPa has been assumed for all the samples), d is the average diagonal line length of the indentation and c is the length of the Palmqvist crack. Ten valid measurements were determined for each sample. The valid measurements had to satisfy the requirements of the JIS R 1607 [17] on acceptable indentation cracks. The flexural strength was determined for selected ceramic samples in four-point bending at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min, using fully articulated fixture with a 10 mm inner and 20 mm outer span (in the "A" arrangement according to the EN 843-1 [18]). Ceramic bars with dimensions ca. 2.5 × 2 × 25 mm3 were cut from the disks, ground and polished (finally with 1-2 µm grained diamond paste). The parameters of the Weibull strength distribution were calculated numerically, in compliance with the ENV 843-5 [19]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Microstructure and phase analysis Various sintering schedules were applied to zirconia green bodies to obtain dense sintered ceramics with different grain sizes. Only those sintering schedules that resulted in sintered densities exceeding 99% of theoretical density (% t.d.) were employed. A temperature of 1400°C was the lowest temperature used in sintering the TZ-3YB ceramics; this was necessary to obtain a dense sintered body. Larger grains were obtained by the action of both higher sintering temperatures and longer sintering times. Sintering schedules and resulting densities and grain sizes are shown in Table 1. The density of sintered TZ-3YB bodies was constant up to the sintering temperature of 1650°C. At the sintering temperature of 1650°C the density of TZ-3YB ceramics decreased with increasing sintering time. The structure of ceramics remained dense but the theoretical density of these ceramics decreased due to spontaneous transformation of the tetragonal into the monoclinic phase (see Table 1). The average grain size of TZ-3YB ceramics ranged from 0.19 µm (sintered at 1400°C/2 h) to 2.15 µm (sintered at 1650°C/50 h). The Trunec M. 166 Ceramics − Silikáty 52 (3) 165-171 (2008) critical grain size for spontaneous transformation from tetragonal to monoclinic phase lies between 1.8 and 2.15 µm, where the content of monoclinic phase in TZ 3YB ceramics increased dramatically. The sample sintered at 1650°C for 50 hours consisted of 77 % monoclinic phase and was severely cracked due to volume changes accompanying t→m transformation. Mechanical properties could not be determined for these ceramics. Several authors [8, 9, 11] have found large cubic grains in thermally treated 3Y-TZP samples. In our case no exaggerated grain growth was observed during the microstructural coarsening. The zirconia nanopowder B261 could be sintered to dense bulk ceramics already at the temperature of 1100°C and dwell time of 4 hours. The microstructure remained nanoscaled with an average grain size of 85 nm. Microstructural coarsening occurred at higher sintering temperatures. However, the grain growth kinetics of B261 ceramics was different from that in TZ 3YB ceramics. B261 ceramics sintered at 1550°C/5 h had larger grains than TZ 3YB ceramics sintered under the same conditions (0.70 vs. 0.48 µm). Moreover, the density of B261 ceramics decreased sharply already at small grain sizes where no monoclinic phase was detected. Figure 1 shows the density as a function of grain size for both TZ-3YB and B261 ceramics. The reason for the density change in B261 ceramics is not completely clear. According to the equilibrium phase diagram given by Scott [20] the maximum amount of cubic phase occurring in 3 mol% Y2O3-ZrO2 ceramics sintered at 1550°C can be about 28 %. Matsui et al. [21] showed that in tetragonal zirconia ceramics similar to TZ-3YB the Y3+ ions segregated at grain boundaries over a width of ~10 nm. Consequently, the cubic phase started to form from grain boundaries and a triple junction, at which Y3+ ions were segregated. A mixed tetragonal- cubic structure was confirmed in TZ-3YB ceramics by XRD analysis. In B261 ceramics the nanocrystalline structure probably allowed other mechanisms of phase structure development to take place that resulted in the one-phase tetragonal structure. This fact could explain the faster grain growth found in B261 ceramics. Typical microstructures of TZ-3YB ceramics are shown in Figures 2-4 and microstructures of B261 ceramics are shown in Figures 5 and 6. The holes and voids visible in micrographs on Figures 4 and 6 are believed not to be pores but rather to result from pulling out the grains during grinding and polishing. Effect of grain size on mechanical properties of 3Y-TZP ceramics Ceramics − Silikáty 52 (3) 165-171 (2008) 167 Table 1. Sintering schedules of zirconia ceramics and resulting density, grain size and monoclinic phase content. Sintering schedule Density Relative density Grain size m - ZrO2 Powder/Sample (°C)/(h) (g/cm3) (% t.d.) (µm) (%) TZ - 3YB 1400/2 6.07 99.5 0.19 0 TZ - 3YB 1500/2 6.08 99.7 0.30 0 TZ - 3YB 1550/0 6.09 99.8 0.29 0 TZ - 3YB 1550/2 6.09 99.8 0.40 0 TZ - 3YB 1550/5 6.09 99.8 0.48 0 TZ - 3YB 1550/10 6.09 99.8 0.54 0 TZ - 3YB 1600/2 6.09 99.8 0.53 0 TZ - 3YB 1600/5 6.09 99.8 0.68 0 TZ - 3YB 1600/10 6.08 99.7 0.78 0 TZ - 3YB 1650/10 6.08 99.6 0.99 3 TZ - 3YB 1650/20 6.08 99.6 1.37 6 TZ - 3YB 1650/30 6.04 99.1 1.79 13 TZ - 3YB 1650/50 5.68 93.1 2.15 77 B 261 1100/4 6.07 99.4 0.085 0 B 261 1300/6 6.04 99.0 0.19 0 B 261 1450/2 5.93 97.3 0.33 0 B 261 1550/5 5.71 93.6 0.70 0 Figure 1. Density of TZ-3YB and B261 ceramics as a function of grain size. Grain size (µm) Density (g cm-3) 5.9 5.7 0.0 6.1 0.4 1.6 2.0 6.0 5.8 6.2 1.2 0.8 TZ-3YB B261 Mechanical properties Ten Vickers hardness tests were performed for each ceramic. Average hardness values and their standard deviation are given in Table 2. The hardness of TZ-3YB ceramics clearly decreased with increasing grain size from HV = 12620 MPa at grain size of 0.19 µm to HV = 10971 MPa at grain size of 1.79 µm. The graph in Figure 7 shows the hardness of TZ-3YB ceramics as a function of the inverse square root of grain size. The values in the graph could be reasonably fitted with a line (r2 = 0.94), which means that this dependence followed the Hall-Petch relationship. The hardness of B261 ceramics showed a higher dispersion but the linear fit seems to be also reasonable. Different parameters of the fits (lower hardness of B261 compared with TZ-3YB ceramics) could be attributed to different phase structure (mixed tetragonal-cubic vs. pure tetragonal). Trunec M. 168 Ceramics − Silikáty 52 (3) 165-171 (2008) Figure 2. SEM micrograph showing the microstructure of the TZ-3YB ceramics sintered at 1400°C for 2 h. Figure 3. SEM micrograph showing the microstructure of the TZ-3YB ceramics sintered at 1650°C for 20 h. 1 µm 5 µm Figure 4. SEM micrograph showing the microstructure of the TZ-3YB ceramics sintered at 1650°C for 50 h. Figure 5. SEM micrograph showing the microstructure of the B261 ceramics sintered at 1100°C for 4 h. 5 µm 500 nm Figure 6. SEM micrograph showing the microstructure of the B261 ceramics sintered at 1550°C for 5 h. 2 µm Different loads of Vickers indenter in the range from 49.05 N (5 kg) to 294.3 N (30 kg) were used to generate cracks in ceramic samples. It was verified that in all cases only Palmqvist cracks were produced. Fracture toughness values calculated from crack lengths using Equation (2) at different loads are shown in Table 2. The indenter load of 49.05 N (5 kg) generated unstable cracks that grew further after load release. It was not possible to measure the crack length reliably, therefore the fracture toughness calculated from this load was not included in the Table 2. The graph in Figure 8 shows the dependence of fracture toughness of TZ-3YB ceramics at different loads on grain size. The values of fracture toughness determined at different loads varied significantly. Nevertheless, the dependence of toughness on grain size showed the same trend for all loads. To obtain the most reliable value for the fracture toughness, an average of values determined at different loads was calculated (see Table 2). Figure 9 gives the dependence of the average fracture toughness on grain size for both TZ-3YB and B261 ceramics. This dependence can be divided in two areas. The toughness was almost constant (~ 5.1 MPam0.5) up to a grain size of 0.4 µm. In ceramics with larger grains, the toughness increased linearly up to the grain size of 1.8 µm, where the maximum toughness (7.8 MPam0.5) was found. Above this grain size spontaneous transformation to the monoclinic phase occurred. Figure 9 shows that both ceramics, TZ-3YB and B261, followed the same toughness dependence on grain size. It also follows from this figure that the transformation toughness effect is grain size dependent only above a particular tetragonal grain size (approx. 0.4 µm). Effect of grain size on mechanical properties of 3Y-TZP ceramics Ceramics − Silikáty 52 (3) 165-171 (2008) 169 Table 2. Hardness, HV, fracture toughness, KIc, and their standard deviations, s, of zirconia ceramics. Fracture toughness Sintering Hardness 10 kg 20 kg 30 kg Average schedule HV s KIc s KIc s KIc s KIc Sample (°C)/(h) (MPa) (MPam0.5) TZ - 3YB 1400/2 12620 186 4.94 0.07 5.29 0.06 5.49 0.05 5.24 TZ - 3YB 1500/2 12264 135 4.91 0.06 5.20 0.08 5.41 0.05 5.17 TZ - 3YB 1550/0 12137 224 4.89 0.29 5.10 0.06 5.38 0.05 5.12 TZ - 3YB 1550/2 12007 103 4.89 0.05 5.14 0.03 5.40 0.03 5.14 TZ - 3YB 1550/5 11970 113 5.06 0.07 5.23 0.05 5.45 0.06 5.25 TZ - 3YB 1550/10 11738 127 5.53 0.13 5.41 0.07 5.62 0.07 5.52 TZ - 3YB 1600/2 11858 363 5.15 0.16 5.29 0.07 5.57 0.04 5.34 TZ - 3YB 1600/5 11849 551 5.80 0.21 5.43 0.05 5.62 0.04 5.62 TZ - 3YB 1600/10 11588 176 6.39 0.09 5.53 0.03 5.72 0.03 5.88 TZ - 3YB 1650/10 11361 293 6.75 0.21 5.82 0.12 5.87 0.06 6.15 TZ - 3YB 1650/20 11145 341 7.11 0.12 6.52 0.10 6.09 0.06 6.57 TZ - 3YB 1650/30 10971 293 7.94 0.24 7.50 0.54 7.80 0.15 7.77 B 261 1100/4 12867 789 4.89 0.08 5.35 0.14 - - 5.12 B 261 1300/6 12485 218 4.79 0.07 5.15 0.12 5.38 0.08 5.11 B 261 1450/2 10587 657 4.73 0.09 5.30 0.27 - - 5.02 B 261 1550/5 10080 435 5.98 0.45 5.79 0.21 5.99 0.40 5.92 Figure 7. The dependence of the hardness of TZ-3YB and B261 ceramics on the inverse square root of grain size. d-1/2 (µm-1/2) Hardness (MPa) 11 000 10 000 0.4 12 000 0.8 2.0 2.4 11 500 10 500 12 500 1.6 1.2 13 000 2.8 3.2 3.6 TZ-3YB B261 Figure 8. Fracture toughness of TZ-3YB ceramics as a function of grain size determined at different indentation loads. Grain size (µm) Fracture toughness (MPa m0.5) 6 4 0.0 8 0.4 1.6 2.0 7 5 9 1.2 0.8 10 kg load 20 kg load 30 kg load Recently Vickers indentation fracture toughness tests (VIF) were reviewed in detail [22]. It was concluded that VIF techniques are not suitable for reliable measurement of fracture toughness, KIc, because the crack arrest process occurs in a multiple-crack environment and in highly complex residual stress conditions. To verify our fracture toughness results determined by the indentation method, two standardized methods were applied. Unfortunately, the results obtained by "Chevron V Notch" method (CVN) and "Single Edged V Notch Beam" method (SEVNB) showed extremely high scatter (5-12 MPam0.5), thus it was not possible to find any dependence on grain size. The reason for such high variance is not clear and may be connected with the toughening effect in TZP ceramics. From this point of view the indentation method utilized in the present investigation provided more consistent results compared with the CVN and SEVNB methods. The four-point bending strength of TZ-3YB bars with a grain size of 0.30 µm (sintered at 1500°C/2 h) and 0.78 µm (sintered at 1600°C/10 h) was determined and compared. Figure 10 shows the Weibull plot of both materials. Although the average strength of samples varying in grain size was similar (1020 MPa vs. 1011 MPa), it can be seen in the graph that the scatter of strength values was higher for TZ-3YB ceramics with larger grains. This observation was confirmed by calculation of Weibull moduli. The Weibull modulus was m = 13.0 for ceramics with the grain size of 0.30 µm and m = 7.54 for ceramics with the grain size of 0.78 µm. It was verified statistically that these values are significantly different. According to the linear fracture mechanics the body with higher fracture toughness should possess the higher strength. In our case TZ-3YB ceramics with a grain size of 0.78 µm had higher toughness than ceramics with a grain size of 0.30 µm (5.88 vs. 5.17 MPam0.5). Unfortunately, the effect of higher toughness was suppressed by an effect of bigger critical defects due to microstructural coarsening [10]. The competition of these two effects resulted in ceramics with strengths apparently independent of grain size. However, the size and distribution of defects during coarsening cannot be efficiently controlled, which resulted in the lower Weibull modulus for ceramics sintered at higher temperature. CONCLUSION The effect of grain size on mechanical properties of commercial submicrometre-grained 3Y-TZP ceramics (TZ-3YB) and nanocrystalline 3Y-zirconia ceramics (B261) was investigated. The following conclusions could be drawn: 1.The hardness of both TZ-3YB and B261 ceramics decreased with increasing grain size. However, the hardness was lower in coarsened nanoceramics. This could be attributed to different mechanisms of the development of phase structure in nanoceramics compared with submicrometre-grained ceramics. 2.The fracture toughness was almost constant (5.1 MPam0.5) up to the grain size of 0.4 µm. Above this grain size, the fracture toughness started to grow and reached the maximum of 7.8 MPam0.5 at the grain size of 1.8 µm. Further grain growth resulted in spontaneous transformation from tetragonal to monoclinic phase and damage of the samples due to cracking. Both ceramics followed the same grain size depen-dence of fracture toughness. 3.The four-point bending strength of TZ-3YB ceramics with grain size of 0.30 and 0.78 µm was similar, 1020 MPa and 1011 MPa, respectively. The higher Trunec M. 170 Ceramics − Silikáty 52 (3) 165-171 (2008) Figure 9. Average fracture toughness of TZ-3YB and B261 ceramics as a function of grain size. Grain size (µm) Fracture toughness (MPa m0.5) 6 4 0.0 8 0.4 1.6 2.0 7 5 9 1.2 0.8 TZ-3YB B261 Figure 10. Weibull plot of the bending strength data for TZ-3YB ceramics sintered at 1500°C for 2 h and at 1600°C for 10 h. ln (bending strength, MPa) ln{ln[1/(1-P)]} -3 -5 6.6 -1 6.7 7.0 7.1 -2 -4 0 6.9 6.8 TZ-3YB - 1500°C/2 h TZ-3YB - 1600°C/10 h 1 2 7.2 fracture toughness inherent to ceramics with larger grain size was counterbalanced with an increase of critical defects due to microstructural coarsening. Moreover, the Weibull modulus declined from m = 13 at a grain size of 0.30 µm to m = 7.54 at a grain size of 0.78 µm. Acknowledgement The author gratefully acknowledges the funding provided by the Czech Ministry of Education under grant MSM 0021630508. Dr. A. Buchal and Mrs. D. Janova are kindly acknowledged for providing XRD analyses and SEM images, respectively. The author wishes to thank Mrs. Z. Skalova for her help with the experimental work. References 1. Hannink R. H. J., Kelly P. M., Muddle B. C.: J.Am.Ceram. Soc. 83, 461 (2000). 2. Lange F. F.: J. Mater.Sci. 17, 225 (1982). 3. Lange F. F.: J.Mater.Sci. 17, 240 (1982). 4. Becher P. F., Swain M. V.: J.Am.Ceram.Soc. 75, 493 (1992). 5. Wang J, Rainforth M., Stevens R.: Br.Ceram.Trans.J. 88, 1 (1989). 6. Suresh A., Mayo M. J., Porter W. D., Rawn C. J.: J.Am. Ceram.Soc. 86, 360 (2003). 7. Bravo-Leon A., Morikawa Y., Kawahara M., Mayo M. J.: Acta Mater. 50, 4555 (2002). 8. Ruiz L., Readey M. J.: J.Am.Ceram.Soc. 79, 2331 (1996). 9. Casellas D., Feder A., Llanes L., Anglada M.: Scr.Mater. 45, 213 (2001). 10. Eichler J., Rödel J., Eisele U., Hoffman M.: J.Am.Ceram. Soc. 90, 2830 (2007). 11. Casellas D., Alcala J., Llanes L., Anglada M.: J.Mater.Sci. 36, 3011 (2001). 12. Cottom B. A., Mayo M. J.: Scr.Mater. 34, 809 (1996). 13. Trunec M., Maca K.: J.Am.Ceram.Soc. 90, 2735 (2007). 14. EN 623-2: Advanced Technical Ceramics - Monolithic Ceramics. General and Texture Properties. Part 2: Determination of Density and Porosity, CEN, Brussels 1993. 15. Maca K., Trunec M., Chmelik R.: Ceramics-Silikaty 51, 94 (2007). 16. Niihara K., Morena R., Hasselman D. P. H.: J.Mater.Sci. Lett. 1, 13 (1982). 17. JIS R 1607: Testing Methods for Fracture Toughness of High Performance Ceramics, Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo 1990. 18. EN 843-1: Advanced Technical Ceramics - Monolithic Ceramics. Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature. Part 1: Determination of Flexural Strength, CEN, Brussels 1995. 19. ENV 843-5: Advanced Technical Ceramics - Monolithic Ceramics. Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature. Part 5: Statistical Analysis, CEN, Brussels 1996. 20. Scott H. G.: J.Mater.Sci. 10, 1527 (1975). 21. Matsui K., Horikoshi H., Ohmichi N., Ohgai M.: J.Am. Ceram.Soc. 86, 1401 (2003). 22. Quinn G. D., Bradt R. C.: J.Am.Ceram.Soc. 90, 673 (2007). Effect of grain size on mechanical properties of 3Y-TZP ceramics Ceramics − Silikáty 52 (3) 165-171 (2008) 171 VLIV VELIKOSTI ZRN NA MECHANICKÉ VLASTNOSTI 3Y-TZP KERAMIKY MARTIN TRUNEC Odbor keramiky a polymerù, Vysoké uèení technické v Brnì, Technická 2896/2, 616 69 Brno Mechanické vlastnosti 3Y-TZP keramiky byly zkoumány v závislosti na velikosti zrn v rozsahu od 0,19 µm do 2,15 µm. Vickersovy indentaèní testy byly použity pro stanovení tvrdosti a lomové houževnatosti. Tvrdost klesala s rostoucí velikostí zrn. Lomová houževnatost byla témìø konstantní pro keramiky se zrny do 0,4 µm a poté rostla se zvyšující se velikosti zrn až na 7,8 MPam0,5 u keramiky se zrny o velikosti 1,8 µm. U vìtších zrn došlo ke spontánní transformaci tetragonální fáze na monoklinickou. Keramické vzorky s velikostí zrn 0,30 µm a 0,78 µm mìli podobnou pevnost v ohybu, 1020 a 1011 MPa. Mikrostrukturní zhrubnutí, které bylo nezbytné pro dosažení vìtších zrn, vedlo k vyššímu rozptylu pevností, což se projevilo snížením Weibullova modulu (13,0 vs. 7,54). Pro srovnání byly také zkoumány mechanické vlastnosti nanokrystalické 3Y-ZrO2 keramiky, jejíž zrna byla zhrublá na velikost od 0,085 do 0,70 µm. Byly zjištìny rozdíly v mechanických vlastnostech zkoumaných keramik. Možné pøíèiny tìchto rozdílù byly diskutovány.
