A musical riff would be automatically protected by copyright as soon as it is fixed in a tangible medium (i.e., notated or recorded).
A copyright lawyer it a layer who specializes in copyright laws and intellectual property laws. They handle cases concerning copyright infrsingement.
Copyright Act, 1957, and Copyright Rules, 1958, as amended.
Copying, including reprography, requires the permission of the copyright holder or an exemption in the law.
Software piracy
"to promote the advancement of science and the useful arts."
The original "Allie Finkle's Rules for Girls" was a short story published in 2006. Each of the succeeding novels has its own copyright information.
Gramercy Riffs - band - was created in 2008.
Using NFL or team logos requires a license; this is an issue of trademark, rather than copyright.
Scientific rules and laws concerning thermodynamics.
DOD
Public display, even for free, requires a license.
Demanding that rules concerning behavior are obeyed and observed