well it depends on the communication between computers. may be its electrical,optic or wireless. In electrical its may be in serial or parallel or encoded or decoded by TCP/IP method based on Ethernet medium. in optics its same phenomena but at end its converted light form and that data travels in fiber. and in wireless the mostly based on RF wave. :P
Message
data exchange data management
The example of electronic data processing is the use of the computer in processing data.
A computer modem is made up of various components including a modulator, demodulator, analog-to-digital converter, digital-to-analog converter, signal processor, and a connection interface such as Ethernet or phone line. These components work together to modulate digital data from the computer into analog signals for transmission over a communication medium and then demodulate received analog signals back into digital data for interpretation by the computer.
Well-known communications protocols are Ethernet, a hardware and Link Layer standard that is ubiquitous in local area networks, and the Internet Protocol Suite, which defines a set of protocols for internetworking, i.e. for data communication between multiple networks, as well as host-to-host data transfer, and application-specific data transmission formats.
past present and emerging developments in signal characteristics?
Signal Element Versus Data Element: Let us distinguish between a data element and a signal element. In data communications, our goal is to send data elements. A data element is the smallest entity that can represent a piece of information: This is the bit. In digital data communications, a signal element carries data elements. A signal element is the shortest unit (time wise) of a digital signal. In other words, data elements are what we need to send; signal elements are what we can send. Data elements are being carried; signal elements are the carriers.
A downward change in signal strength where the wave 'Fades' from distance lmitations, interference, noise or EMI.
A digital data transmission occurs in a computer bus. The data are in the form of electromagnetic signal, such as an electrical voltage, microwave, radiowave, or infrared signal.
Data integrity
It is true that in data communications the sending device is usually a computer. The main components are transmitter, receiver & antenna and every communication device must have all these three components
1. Delivery 2. Accuracy 3.Timeliness
STP is shielded twisted pair - used in data communications.
Devices listen to the media and transmit data only when they cannot detect another signal on the media. All devices on the media can hear all communications When a collision occurs, all devices stop transmitting for a randomly generated period of time.
MICHAEL DUCK has written: 'DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER NETWORKS FOR COMPUTER SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS'
what is computer? write down its characteristics
You need to get your Bachelor's Degree in Computer Science.