1. Carbon Fixation
Step 1: 3 CO2 comes in and an enzyme called rubisco hopefully (when I say hopefully, I mean that because it might catalyze oxygen instead of carbon, which is bad) catalyzes carbon.
Step 2: The carbon is turned into RuBP (a 6 carbon), which is unstable, so it instantly turns into two of 3-PG (a 3 carbon). There are 6 of these.
2. Reduction
Step 3: The 3-PG get a phosphate each from ATP, which then turns into ADP. The 3-PG now become 3-biphosphoglycerate. There are 6 of these.
Step 4: The 3-biphosphoglycerate each get an hydrogen ion (H+) from NADPH, which then turns into NADP+.
Step 5: The molecule then and there loose a phosphate group, which goes back to restoring the ADP into ATP. The resulting molecule is called G3P, which is final goal for the Calvin Cycle. There are 6 G3P molecules.
3. Regeneration
Step 6: As I mentioned earlier, G3P is the main goal of the Calvin cycle, so only one out of the 6 are used for as organic compounds, whereas the rest go back in the cycle.
Step 7: The 5 G3P molecules that go back to the cycle are rearranged to become the molecule RuBP (ribulose biphosphate) and go back to step 2.
The three steps of the Calvin cycle are carbon fixation, reduction and regeneration.
1) Carbon fixation
In this step, an enzyme called rubisco attaches carbon dioxide (CO2) to a sugar called ribulose biphosphate (RuBP). This reaction creates a very unstable intermediate which immediately splits in half, forming two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate.
2) Reduction
Here, ATP gives those 3-phosphoglycerate molecules an additional phosphate group, converting them into 1,3-biphosphoglycerate. NADPH reduces this molecule, which incidentally also loses a phosphate group, and it becomes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).
3) Regeneration
Lastly, using ATP and some of the G3P molecules produced during reduction, the Calvin cycle recreates ribulose biphosphate through a series of complex reactions, which begins the cycle anew.
The Calvin cycle
It is known as the Calvin cycle or light independent cycle
The Calvin cycle, or the light independent reaction.
Chloroplast contains the Calvin Cycle.
the calvin cycle is very importnant
Light reactions and the Calvin Benson Cycle.
the calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle
It is the calvin cycle. It is the second step of photosynthesis.
It is known as the Calvin cycle or light independent cycle
The Calvin Cycle is also known as the Calvin-Benson Cycle, light-independent reaction, or the C3 Cycle.
The Calvin cycle, or the light independent reaction.
There are two products. Those are NADPH and ATP.
Chloroplast contains the Calvin Cycle.
In the Calvin cycle
the Calvin cyclethe calvin cycle
the calvin cycle is very importnant