1)The first major step for the DNA Replication to take place is the breaking of hydrogen bonds between bases of the two antiparallel strands. The unwounding of the two strands is the starting point. The splitting happens in places of the chains which are rich in A-T. That is because there are only two bonds between Adenine and Thymine (there are three hydrogen bonds between Cytosine and Guanine). Helicase is the enzyme that splits the two strands. The initiation point where the splitting starts is called "origin of replication".The structure that is created is known as "Replication Fork".
2) One of the most important steps of DNA Replication is the binding of RNA Primase in the the initiation point of the 3'-5' parent chain. RNA Primase can attract RNA nucleotides which bind to the DNA nucleotides of the 3'-5' strand due to the hydrogen bonds between the bases. RNA nucleotides are the primers (starters) for the binding of DNA nucleotides.
3) The elongation process is different for the 5'-3' and 3'-5' template.
a)5'-3' Template: The 3'-5' proceeding daughter strand -that uses a 5'-3' template- is called leading strandbecause DNA Polymerase ä can "read" the template and continuously adds nucleotides (complementary to the nucleotides of the template, for example Adenine opposite to Thymine etc).
b)3'-5'Template: The 3'-5' template cannot be "read" by DNA Polymerase ä. The replication of this template is complicated and the new strand is called lagging strand. In the lagging strand the RNA Primase adds more RNA Primers. DNA polymerase å reads the template and lengthens the bursts. The gap between two RNA primers is called "Okazaki Fragments".
The RNA Primers are necessary for DNA Polymerase å to bind Nucleotides to the 3' end of them. The daughter strand is elongated with the binding of more DNA nucleotides.
4) In the lagging strand the DNA Pol I-exonuclease- reads the fragments and removes the RNA Primers. The gaps are closed with the action of DNA Polymerase (adds complementary nucleotides to the gaps) and DNA Ligase (adds phosphate in the remaining gaps of the phosphate - sugar backbone).
Each new double helix is consisted of one old and one new chain. This is what we call semiconservative replication.
5) The last step of DNA Replication is the Termination. This process happens when the DNA Polymerase reaches to an end of the strands. We can easily understand that in the last section of the lagging strand, when the RNA primer is removed, it is not possible for the DNA Polymerase to seal the gap (because there is no primer). So, the end of the parental strand where the last primer binds isn't replicated. These ends of linear (chromosomal) DNA consists of noncoding DNA that contains repeat sequences and are called telomeres. As a result, a part of the telomere is removed in every cycle of DNA Replication.
6) The DNA Replication is not completed before a mechanism of repair fixes possible errors caused during the replication. Enzymes like nucleases remove the wrong nucleotides and the DNA Polymerase fills the gaps.
Similar processes also happen during the steps of DNA Replication of prokaryotes though there are some differences.
The steps of viral replication are attachment, penetration, uncoating/disassembly, transcription/translation, and assembly/release. Choose the one you believe will be the most effective for blocking the viral replication without harming humans and their DNA replication.
DNA Helicase is the major enzyme involved in the replication of DNA. The reason why it is so important is that it unwinds the DNA which creates two separate strands.
mRNA
It is called a replication fork.
1. Interphase: replication and growth of the chromosomes occur. 2. Prophase: the chromatin condenses to see the individual chromosomes and centrioles move toward the opposite poles of the cell and spindle fibers grow. 3. Metaphase: the chromosomes align in the center of the cell. 4. Anaphase: spindles attach to the chromosomes and split them in part towards the opposite poles. 5. Telophase: the cell begins to separate into to new daughter cells. 6. Cytokinesis: the nucleus begins to form and the cells are completely cut off from each other.
The three main steps in the process of DNA replication are initiation, elongation and termination. Initiation is the beginning of the process. During elongation new DNA strands are formed and in termination replication ends.
Replication.
DNA replication begins in areas of DNA molecules are called origins of replication.
The eight steps of DNA replication are: 1. DNA strands separate, 2. formation of replication fork, 3. RNA primase binds, 4. bases pair up, 5. elongation, 6. RNA primers removed, 7.termination, 8. repair. this can occur in any cell.
replication
Inhibitors of DNA replication are bacteria or toxins that inhibit the replication of DNA. E-Coli is an example of an inhibitor of DNA replication.
DNA replication produces two copies of the DNA.
DNA replication
DNA replication produces a copy of the DNA. At the same time the cell in which the DNA is to be found splits into two with a copy of the DNA in each. DNA replication is caused by cell replication during the process of mitosis.
DNA replication occurs in living cells. The name of the sites where DNA replication occurs is called the origins of replication.
Transcription.
The life cycle of a typical DNA virus consists of 7 steps. The steps are entry, uncoating, early transcription, viral DNA replication, late transcription, viral assembly, and the virus exits.