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1)The first major step for the DNA Replication to take place is the breaking of hydrogen bonds between bases of the two antiparallel strands. The unwounding of the two strands is the starting point. The splitting happens in places of the chains which are rich in A-T. That is because there are only two bonds between Adenine and Thymine (there are three hydrogen bonds between Cytosine and Guanine). Helicase is the enzyme that splits the two strands. The initiation point where the splitting starts is called "origin of replication".The structure that is created is known as "Replication Fork".
2) One of the most important steps of DNA Replication is the binding of RNA Primase in the the initiation point of the 3'-5' parent chain. RNA Primase can attract RNA nucleotides which bind to the DNA nucleotides of the 3'-5' strand due to the hydrogen bonds between the bases. RNA nucleotides are the primers (starters) for the binding of DNA nucleotides.
3) The elongation process is different for the 5'-3' and 3'-5' template.
a)5'-3' Template: The 3'-5' proceeding daughter strand -that uses a 5'-3' template- is called leading strandbecause DNA Polymerase ä can "read" the template and continuously adds nucleotides (complementary to the nucleotides of the template, for example Adenine opposite to Thymine etc).
b)3'-5'Template: The 3'-5' template cannot be "read" by DNA Polymerase ä. The replication of this template is complicated and the new strand is called lagging strand. In the lagging strand the RNA Primase adds more RNA Primers. DNA polymerase å reads the template and lengthens the bursts. The gap between two RNA primers is called "Okazaki Fragments".
The RNA Primers are necessary for DNA Polymerase å to bind Nucleotides to the 3' end of them. The daughter strand is elongated with the binding of more DNA nucleotides.
4) In the lagging strand the DNA Pol I-exonuclease- reads the fragments and removes the RNA Primers. The gaps are closed with the action of DNA Polymerase (adds complementary nucleotides to the gaps) and DNA Ligase (adds phosphate in the remaining gaps of the phosphate - sugar backbone).
Each new double helix is consisted of one old and one new chain. This is what we call semiconservative replication.
5) The last step of DNA Replication is the Termination. This process happens when the DNA Polymerase reaches to an end of the strands. We can easily understand that in the last section of the lagging strand, when the RNA primer is removed, it is not possible for the DNA Polymerase to seal the gap (because there is no primer). So, the end of the parental strand where the last primer binds isn't replicated. These ends of linear (chromosomal) DNA consists of noncoding DNA that contains repeat sequences and are called telomeres. As a result, a part of the telomere is removed in every cycle of DNA Replication.
6) The DNA Replication is not completed before a mechanism of repair fixes possible errors caused during the replication. Enzymes like nucleases remove the wrong nucleotides and the DNA Polymerase fills the gaps.
Similar processes also happen during the steps of DNA Replication of prokaryotes though there are some differences.
What else can I help you with?
What major enzyme involved on replication?
DNA Helicase is the major enzyme involved in the replication of DNA. The reason why it is so important is that it unwinds the DNA which creates two separate strands.
What does thymine pair with in DNA replication and transcription?
Thymine pairs with adenine in DNA replication and transcription.
Does adenine pair with guanine in DNA replication?
Yes, adenine pairs with thymine, not guanine, in DNA replication.
If you were a scientist developing a drug that would block viral replication which steps would you choose to block?
The steps of viral replication are attachment, penetration, uncoating/disassembly, transcription/translation, and assembly/release. Choose the one you believe will be the most effective for blocking the viral replication without harming humans and their DNA replication.
Y shaped regions where the 2 strands of DNA separate?
Replication forks are Y-shaped regions where the two strands of DNA separate during DNA replication. At the replication fork, the DNA helicase enzyme unwinds the double helix structure, creating two single strands that serve as templates for DNA synthesis by complementary base pairing.
What are the basic three steps of DNA replication?
The three main steps in the process of DNA replication are initiation, elongation and termination. Initiation is the beginning of the process. During elongation new DNA strands are formed and in termination replication ends.
What are the number of steps that the steps of DNA replication in the correct order?
DNA replication involves several key steps: 1) Initiation, where the DNA double helix unwinds and separates at the origin of replication; 2) Primer synthesis, where RNA primers are created to provide a starting point for DNA synthesis; 3) Elongation, where DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand; and 4) Termination, which occurs when the entire DNA molecule has been replicated and the replication machinery disassembles. These steps ensure accurate duplication of the genetic material.
What are the areas on DNA where replication occurs called?
DNA replication begins in areas of DNA molecules are called origins of replication.
What are the the 5 steps of DNA replication in order?
The five steps of DNA replication are: Initiation: The process begins at specific locations on the DNA called origins of replication, where the DNA unwinds and separates into two strands. Unwinding: Enzymes called helicases unwind the DNA strands, creating a replication fork. Priming: RNA primase synthesizes short RNA primers on the single-stranded DNA to provide a starting point for DNA synthesis. Elongation: DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand complementary to the template strand, forming new DNA. Termination: Replication continues until the entire DNA molecule has been copied, and the newly synthesized strands are proofread and finalized.
Compare the number of replication forks in prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA during replication?
Prokaryotic DNA replication has a single origin of replication, leading to two replication forks. In contrast, eukaryotic DNA replication has multiple origins of replication, resulting in multiple replication forks forming along the DNA molecule.
DNA is copied during a process called?
DNA is copied during a process called DNA replication. This process occurs in the nucleus of a cell and involves making an exact copy of the original DNA molecule. DNA replication is essential for cell division and passing genetic information from one generation to the next.
What does DNA replication make?
DNA replication produces a copy of the DNA. At the same time the cell in which the DNA is to be found splits into two with a copy of the DNA in each. DNA replication is caused by cell replication during the process of mitosis.
What process makes a copy of a DNA molecule?
Transcription.
Where does DNA polymerase add nucleotides during the process of DNA replication?
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand at the replication fork during the process of DNA replication.
What is the site of DNA replication in eukaryotes?
The site of DNA replication in eukaryotes is the nucleus. Replication occurs in the nucleus because this is where the DNA is stored. The process involves unwinding the DNA double helix and synthesizing new strands of DNA using the existing strands as templates.
What is it called when a DNA copies itself?
DNA replication
How do replication bubbles form during the process of DNA replication?
During DNA replication, replication bubbles form when the DNA double helix unwinds and separates into two strands. Enzymes called helicases unwind the DNA, creating a replication fork where new DNA strands can be synthesized. This process allows for multiple replication bubbles to form along the DNA molecule, enabling efficient and accurate replication.
