cd
ls
In Linux the chmod command is used to set file permissions.
The time command is used to time a command and not display the actual time. To display the time and date, the date command must be used.
"rd" is a command which is "Remove directory" and the full form of the command would be "rmdir" depending on the OS used. It's commonly associated with UNIX or Linux based OS's.
Windows, MAC and Linux
vi
In Unix, use the 'man' command.
date
In Linux, the utility used to display the pathname of the current working directory is the pwd command, which stands for "print working directory." When executed, it outputs the full path of the directory you are currently in. This command is commonly used in terminal sessions to confirm your location within the file system.
The 'man' or the 'info' command have documentation about utilities and commands in the system.
The ability to run a GUI is commonly called X11 with different implementations. The most popular in the Linux world is called X.Org Server. There are several but the most popular it seems are Gnome, KDE, and Xfce.
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NIS