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The make-up of a bone is essentially a joint surface which is covered in a cartilage layer with a spongy tissue underneath the cartilage called the cancellous bone. The compact bone is then the superficial layer with a connective tissue lining the superficial regions called the periosteum.
spongy layer, compact bone, cartilage, and bone marrow
It is just called an articular cartilage. The type of cartilage is fibrocartilage.
cartilage
cartilage
In the long bones of children it is called an epiphysial growth plate which is a layer of hyaline cartilage located in the metaphysis which is between the epiphysis (the end of the bone) and diaphysis (the middle of the bone/shaft of the bone).
There IS a nose bone, in fact it's called the nasal bone at the top of the nose. It's a short bone that doesn't extend the length of the nose. At the end of the nasal bone is where the cartilage starts. You can find anatomical pictures on google for a visual.
ossification
once you are done growing, your epiphyseal plates (growth plates) which are cartilage, become ossified and turn to bone. If you still have the cartilage, you are not done growing. If it is all bone, you are.
Endochondral Ossification meaning "formed in cartilage.
The innermost part of the bone in called the Bone Marrow or inner bone
In fully formed, non-growing bones, cartilage is found on the ends of bones where they articulate with other bones.