Copyright law protects original works of authorship including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works. It can include works such as poetry, novels, movies, songs, computer software, and architecture. Copyright does not protect names, titles, common words/phrases, facts, ideas, systems, or methods of operation.
Short phrases cannot be protected by copyright.
Yes. Virtually anything you encounter online, unless specified otherwise, is protected by copyright.
That phrase could mean several things. It could refer to a letter that is protected by copyright, or a letter allowing use of someone's copyright (i.e., a license).
If you are creating original things--music, sculpture, poetry, photographs--your work is automatically protected by copyright as soon as it is fixed in a tangible medium.
No. You could copyright a drawing or photograph of the logo but the logo itself would have to be protected as a trademark.
Individual words are not protected by copyright.
Yes.
Yes. All of the photos taken in the movie are protected by copyright.
Once a work of sufficient originality is fixed in a tangible medium, it is automatically protected by copyright.
Short phrases cannot be protected by copyright, but there are several registered trademarks for that phrase.
Better? It is certainly "different". Copyright lasts for a fixed period. Trademark lasts as long as the owner continues to use it. You can have trademark rights on things that cannot be protected by copyright and vice versa.
Yes; architectural works are protected.