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Transgenic livestock are livestock that are genetically modified. Livestock are genetically modified to produce new animal products, study diseases, etc.
Dewitt Abbott
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∙ 15y agoA transgene is a gene that is either naturally or artificially, through genetic engineering, taken from one animal and introduced into another. A DNA segment containing a gene sequence is isolated from an organism and can be inserted into a new organisms DNA. An example of a transgenic organism are the Glo fish you can buy in most fish stores. The Red Fluorescent Protein was taken from a glowing sea anemone and inserted into the genes of a zebra danio.
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Are transgenics religiously influenced?
Transgenics is often used for agricultural purposes because using transgenics such as genetically engineering the immune system of pigs so that their organs can replace the failing organs of a human without rejection commonly disagrees with ethical and religious principles.
What is the first step in inserting a new gene into a bacterium?
recombinant DNA
How is the word transgenic related to GMO?
GMOs are transgenic. A gene is removed from one organism (often a bacteria) and forced into the DNA of another organism (often corn or soy), which is what transgenics is: mixing one species with another.
How a transgenic organism is made?
Through years and years of research, biological study, and another span of months or years of precise, diligent hard work in a state of the art Bio-Laboratory facility... Its a deceptively complex question... Many Institutes/facilities even employ different techniques, methods, and procedures, depending on who you ask, or what you are trying to do... What is the intended purpose/function/outcome of your Transgenic organism? Stating what the organism to be worked with/on is, is crossed/mashed with, or what the combination is meant to accomplish, would make answering this question a large amount easier to answer. And just 1 warning, with transgenics, as with all genetic experiments, etc... CONTAINMENT is an absolute must. Do whatever you want with your experiments, just keep your work quarantined&contained! Dont let your experiment do whatever IT might want to do... cuz u never kno when ur mutant strain of frost-resistant potatoes might decide its time to take over and dessimate the world agricultural industry, etc. Play SAFE out there. ;) I myself have brainstormed up some useful, allbeit unorthodox or counter-intuitive crosses of different animals, but have never pursued any of my transgenics ideas, being stuck mostly in basic life-sciences and biology exploration atm. contact me if u wanna bounce more idea around about transgenics, the applications/dangers of such technologies, etc. Im always up for that kind of discussion. I hope I was able to help.
What are GM Animals?
The transgenic animals contain functional genes introduced by Genetic Engineering from some other species. The foreign gene alters the host cell genetically, and is termed transgeneand the animals with transgene are called transgenics or genetically modified (GM) animals. Some GM animals developed so far include transgenic mouse, transgenic sheep transgenic goats, transgenic cows, transgenic pigs and transgenic fish.
How does Venezuela feel about GMOs?
Venezuela has gone back and forth on the GMO topic for years. On 2004 Chavez said transgenic food was not in the interests of the nation, but by 2009 the company Monsanto is still here, and distributes seeds to farmers. The worse thing is mos of the population doesn't even know it. Apart form Monsanto, research laboratories have developed GMO plants but they don't ave permission to plant them or sell them. Laws on the subjects are extremely general, there is a 2000 law on biodiversity that says on art. 98 that transgenics are to be treated by the state with utmost care, whatever that means. Biotechnology on this law is just as general a topic and there isn't anything conclusive on this law about it. A new law is being discussed by the Assembly, but semingly, it will be as general as the previous law. We'll see...
Do gmo impact the environment?
There is no way to know what effects transgenics (GMOs) will have on the environment over the long term (50 years or longer). Since they have been grown commercially (1996), overall herbicide use has dropped slightly in the U.S. while the use of Round-up (glysophate) has doubled. Weeds have developed resistance, so new GMO varieties that are resistant to more toxic herbicides have been developed and at this time, are waiting for approval by the regulating agencies. Though the cause of bee colony collapse is not known, bT varieties (engineered to produce an insecticide within the plant itself) may be at least partially responsible for it. Though the toxin produced by bT varieties is supposed to be targeted to certain insects, it is not known if it kills other insects or has an effect on human health. In addition, it is suspected that insects are becoming resistant to it. The use of herbicides also have negative effects on soil and runoff can pollute the water, so unless the use of GMO varieties significantly reduce pesticide use, pollution continues to be as much as a factor as using non-GMO varieties. It is also not known if the transgene that was inserted artificially into GMO varieties will transfer horizontally to other plants, though many say it is no different than vertical breeding, which is how breeding occurs in nature.
What are the branches of biotechnology?
The branches of biotechnology are: Red biotechnology-that is used for medical processes, like finding genetic cures by going through genomic manipulations and creating organisms to produce antibiotics.Green biotechnology- that is used in reference to agricultural processes that use biotechnology. Eg. The development of transgenic plants, need for pesticides remove etc.White biotechnology- This kind of biotechnology is used to reduce the costs for producing industrial goods that occur when traditional processes are used.Blue biotechnology- that deals with marine and aquatic usages of biotechnology,
How is a transgenic made?
Through years and years of research, biological study, and another span of months or years of precise, diligent hard work in a state of the art Bio-Laboratory facility... Its a deceptively complex question... Many Institutes/facilities even employ different techniques, methods, and procedures, depending on who you ask, or what you are trying to do... What is the intended purpose/function/outcome of your Transgenic organism? Stating what the organism to be worked with/on is, is crossed/mashed with, or what the combination is meant to accomplish, would make answering this question a large amount easier to answer. And just 1 warning, with transgenics, as with all genetic experiments, etc... CONTAINMENT is an absolute must. Do whatever you want with your experiments, just keep your work quarantined&contained! Dont let your experiment do whatever IT might want to do... cuz u never kno when ur mutant strain of frost-resistant potatoes might decide its time to take over and dessimate the world agricultural industry, etc. Play SAFE out there. ;) I myself have brainstormed up some useful, allbeit unorthodox or counter-intuitive crosses of different animals, but have never pursued any of my transgenics ideas, being stuck mostly in basic life-sciences and Biology exploration atm. contact me if u wanna bounce more idea around about transgenics, the applications/dangers of such technologies, etc. Im always up for that kind of discussion. I hope I was able to help.
What are the educational requirements for biotechnology?
Some fields in biotechnology include: genetic engineering, transgenics, medical biotechnology, etc. Subjects you would need to study in college include chemistry, biology, math, genetics, and subjects specific to the field of study you are majoring in. Divisions of biotechnology are: Red biotechnology is the specialize field in medical processes. Green biotechnology is the specialize field in agricultural processes. White/Grey biotechnology is the specialize field in industrial processes. Blue biotechnology is the specialize field in marine and aquatic.
What are the concerns associated with GMO crops?
Though some claim they are not harmful, genetically modified foods allow crops to withstand herbicides being sprayed directly on them. Herbicides are harmful to the environment and the use of herbicides used on genetically modified crops has increased since GMO crops were introduced. Insecticide use has decreased, but Bt crops are modified to produce an insecticide in the plant itself. Thus, Bt crops may be harmful to friendly insects. There is also the issue of horizontal breeding (mixing the genes from one species with those of another species) and whether those changes will spread to species in the environment. Weeds developing resistance to herbicides used on GMO crops much faster than they would without GMO crops is also a concern, as is the need to use more herbicides to produce the same results after a number of years.
Life science syllabus of net examination in India?
CSIR life science syllabus Posted about 1 year ago by ram nivas The Joint CSIR-UGC JRF/LS (NET) Examination shall comprise 2 papers: PAPER I: duration: 2 ½ hours and maximum of 200 marks. 2 marks each question. (25×275×2) Part -A: 40 General Science questions, attempt any 25 questions. Part -B: 100 questions, attempt any 75 questions. PAPER II: 2 ½ hours duration and shall have a maximum of 200 marks (20×115×12) This Paper shall consist of 39-45 short answer type questions requiring descriptive answers. Answer each question, on one page. There shall be one compulsory question of twenty Marks. In addition to the compulsory question, the candidate is required to answer a maximum of 15 questions of twelve marks each. SYLLABUS FOR PAPER I AND II 1. MOLECULES & THEIR INTERACTION RELAVENT TO BIOLOGY A. Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds. B. Composition, structure & function of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, N.Acids and vitamins). C. Stabilizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction, etc.). D. Principles of biophysical chemistry (pH, buffer, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, colligative properties). E. Bioenergetics, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, coupled reaction, group transfer, biological energy transducers. F. Principles of catalysis, enzymes and enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulation, mechanism of enzyme catalysis, isozymes. G. Conformation of proteins (Ramachandran plot, 20, 30 & 40 structures; domains; motif and folds). H. Conformation of nucleic acids (A-, B-, Z-, DNA), t-RNA, micro-RNA). I. Stability of protein and nucleic acid structures. J. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, nucleotides and vitamins. 2. CELLULAR ORGANIZATION A. Membrane structure and function: Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer and membrane protein diffusion, osmosis, ion channels, active transport, ion pumps, mechanism of sorting & regulation of intracellular transport, electrical properties of membranes. B. Structural organization and function of intracellular organelles: Cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, ER , peroxisomes, plastids, vacuoles, chloroplast, structure & function of cytoskeleton and its role in motility. C. Organization of genes and chromosomes: Operon, interrupted genes, gene families, structure of chromatin and chromosomes, unique and repetitive DNA, heterochromatin, euchromatin, transposons. D. Cell division & cell cycle: Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle, and control of cell cycle. E. Microbial Physiology: Growth, yield & characteristics, strategies of cell division, stress response. 3. FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES A. DNA replication, repair and recombination: Unit of replication, enzymes involved, replication origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication, extrachromosomal replicons, and DNA damage and repair mechanisms. B. RNA synthesis and processing: Transcription factors and machinery, formation of initiation complex, transcription activators and repressors, RNA polymerases, capping, elongation & termination, RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing, polyadenylation, structure and function of different types of RNA, RNA transport. C. Protein synthesis and processing: Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and their regulation, elongation and elongation factors, termination, genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, translational proof-reading, translational inhibitors, post- translational modification of proteins. D. Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level: Regulation of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, role of chromatin in regulating gene expression and gene silencing. 4. CELL COMMUNICATION & CELL SIGNALING A. Host parasite interaction: Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like bacteria, viruses into animal and plant host cells, alteration of host cell behavior by pathogens, virus-induced cell transformation, pathogen-induced diseases in animals and plants, cell-cell fusion in both normal and abnormal cells. B. Cell signaling: Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and plant two-component signaling systems, bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing. C. Cellular communication: Regulation of hema topoiesis, general principles of cell communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotransmission and its regulation. D. Cancer: Genetic rearrangements in progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cancer and the cell cycle, virus-induced cancer, metastasis, interaction of cancer cells with normal cells, apoptosis, therapeutic interventions of uncontrolled cell growth. E. Innate and adaptive immune system: Cells & molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity, antigens, antigenicity and immunogenicity. B and T cell epitopes, structure & function of antibody molecules, generation of antibody diversity, monoclonal antibodies, antibody engineering, antigen-antibody interactions, MHC molecules, antigen processing & presentation, activation and differentiation of B & T cells, B and T cell receptors, humoral & cell-mediated immune responses, primary & secondary immune modulation, the complement system, Toll-like receptors, cell-mediated effector functions, inflammation, hypersensitivity & autoimmunity, immune response during bacterial (tuberculosis), parasitic (malaria) & viral (HIV) infections, congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies, vaccines. 5. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY A. Basic concepts of development: Potency, commitment, specification, induction, competence, determination & differentiation; morphogenetic gradients; cell fate & cell lineages; stem cells; genomic equivalence and the cytoplasmic determinants; imprinting; mutants & transgenics in analysis of development. B. Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development: Production of gametes, cell surface molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals; embryo sac development & double fertilization in plants; zygote formation, cleavage, blastula formation, embryonic fields, gastrulation & formation of germ layers in animals; embryogenesis, establishment of symmetry in plants; seed formation & germination. C. Morphogenesis & organogenesis in animals: Cell aggregation & differentiation in Dictyostelium; axes and pattern formation in Drosophila, amphibia and chick; organogenesis - vulva formation in Caenorhabditis elegans; eye lens induction, limb development & regeneration in vertebrates; differentiation of neurons, post embryonic development-larval formation, metamorphosis; environmental regulation of normal development; sex determination. D. Morphogenesis and organogenesis in plants: Organization of shoot and root apical meristem; shoot and root development; leaf development and phyllotaxy; transition to flowering, floral meristems and floral development in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum. E. Programmed cell death, aging and senescence. 6. SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY - PLANT A. Photosynthesis: LH complexes; mechanisms of ETC; photoprotective mechanisms; CO2 fixation-C3, C4 CAM pathways. B. Respiration & photorespiration: TCA cycle; plant mitochondrial ET & ATP synthesis; alternate oxidase; photorespiration. C. Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrate and ammonium assimilation; amino acid biosynthesis. D. Plant hormones: Biosynthesis, storage, breakdown and transport; physiological effects and mechanisms of action. E. Sensory photobiology: Structure, function & mechanisms of action of phytochromes, cryptochromes & phototropins; stomatal movement; photoperiodism and biological clocks. F. Solute transport & photoassimilate translocation: Uptake, transport & translocation of water, ions, solutes & macromolecules from soil, through cells, across membranes, through xylem & phloem; transpiration; mechanisms of loading & unloading of photoassimilates. G. Secondary metabolites: Biosynthesis of terpenes, phenols and nitrogenous compounds and their roles. H. Stress physiology: Responses of plants to biotic (pathogen and insects) and abiotic (water, temperature and salt) stresses; mechanisms of resistance to biotic stress and tolerance to abiotic stress 7. SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY - ANIMAL A. Blood and circulation: Blood corpuscles, haemopoiesis and formed elements, plasma function, blood volume, blood volume regulation, blood groups, haemoglobin, immunity, haemostasis. B. Cardiovascular System: Comparative anatomy of heart structure, myogenic heart, specialized tissue, ECG - its principle and significance, cardiac cycle, heart as a pump, blood pressure, neural and chemical regulation of all above. C. Respiratory system: Comparison of respiration in different species, anatomical considerations, transport of gases, exchange of gases, waste elimination, neural and chemical regulation of respiration. D. Nervous system: Neurons, action potential, gross neuroanatomy of the brain and spinal cord, central and peripheral nervous system, neural control of muscle tone and posture. E. Sense organs: Vision, hearing and tactile response. F. Excretory system: Comparative physiology of excretion, kidney, urine formation, urine concentration, waste elimination, micturition, regulation of water balance, blood volume, blood pressure, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance. G. Thermoregulation: Comfort zone, body temperature - physical, chemical, neural regulation, acclimatization. H. Stress and adaptation I. Digestive system: Digestion, absorption, energy balance, BMR. J. Endocrinology and reproduction
