sensory details about a writer's experiences
Observation.
Forming a hypothesis - to explain the observation.
The observation that light travels in a straight line can be explained by the property of light known as rectilinear propagation. This property states that light travels in a straight line in a homogenous medium.
That is true. Science tries to make sense of what is observed, to explain the universe in which we live. Until you make an observation, there is nothing to explain.
When you are using the scientific method, you would try to imagine a hypothesis which explains an observation, but you might not succeed. A hypothesis that does not explain an observation would be considered a failed hypothesis. You would then need to invent a different hypothesis.
I have no clue
An observation.
By observation (and by knowing "everything").
You must observe to explain.
Classifying things by observation can best be done using a
Observation.
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