Judaism has tens of thousands of books. The most important are the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and the Talmud (the Oral Law).
Judaism is taught by teachers, scholars, rabbis, and cantors.
they taught in parables
Believing in one God.
Judaism was in what is now called Israel. Its holy book is the Tanakh, which contains the Torah and the prophetic books.
The single most-read book in Judaism is the Torah.
Siddur
I presume you mean "polytheism". Judaism is a usually taken to be a monotheistic religion - a single god religion.
Songs My Mother Taught Me - book - was created in 1995.
The Torah
No.
Islam calls their holy book the Koran. For Judaism it is the Tanakh. For Christians it is the Bible.
No, Christianity was not born out of Judaism. In reality, Christianity is based on the rejection of Judaism. Additionally, Judaism is not something to be fulfilled, it is a way of life given to us Jews as to how we can live righteously. That being said, most Christian denominations have historically taught that Christianity replaces Judaism.