"The Holy See" at the Vatican in Rome, Italy
The first pope was St. Peter the Apostle. The Catholic Church is headquartered in Vatican City.
Pope Benedict lives in Vatican City, not Rome. Vatican City or The Vatican is an independent, sovereign country which is surrounded by the city of Rome. He lives there because he is the Head of State of the Vatican. He is also the Head of the Catholic Church which is headquartered in Vatican City.
Roman Catholic AnswerThe Roman Catholic Church is present in, I believe, all countries and continents except Antaractic. In some countries, like Saudi Arabia, they are extremely limited, if not completely underground. In other like China, the government attempts to control the Church. But, for the most part, the Catholic Church is truly universal.
No, the earthly headquarters of the Catholic Church are found in Vatican City.
.Catholic AnswerTwo problems, but the answer is a simple no to both of them. The Catholic Church, whose headquarters is in the Vatican, which is in Rome is the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church, as enumerated in the Nicene Creed. However, there is a "Catholic Apostolic Churches" which is a protestant sect started by an Anglican which has nothing to do with the Catholic Church. In the first case, the Catholic Church, headquartered in Rome, the answer is NO, they are not "Roman." In the second case, of the protestants using that name, they aren't Roman either.
The Catholic Church.
For 68 years, 1309-1378, the papacy was headquartered in Avignon, France, rather than Rome.
Saint Clement of Rome Church was created in 1929.
That would depend entirely on the context, in other words, how the phrase "Church of Rome" was being used. In Catholic terminology, Church of Rome would refer to the diocese of Rome, which is headed by the Pope as its Bishop. His cathedral church is St. John Lateran. Church of Rome is also a slur used by English speaking people, especially Anglicans to refer to the Catholic Church.
A Church in Rome
The Catholic Church is centred in the Vatican City, but also has roots in Rome.