Comet Halley
No, there is a gas giant (PSO-J318.5-22) floating by itself in space 80 light years from Earth, near Beta Pictoris.
The planet Earth comes very near to that orbital speed at perihelion, its closest distance to the Sun, which occurs on January 3rd or 4th every year.
Gravitational acceleration near Earth's surface is about 9.8 meters/second2. Equivalently, every kilogram - near Earth's surface - has a weight of about 9.8 newton.
While travelling through the solar system it comes near the earth and is captured by the earth's gravity. It is pulled towards the earth until they collide.
Halley's Comet is a periodic comet that is visible from Earth roughly every 76 years. Its last appearance was in 1986, so the next expected appearance will be around the year 2061. However, its visibility also depends on factors such as its distance from Earth and the conditions of the night sky.
The moon comes near the sun and they from a solar ecliopses
There are no known periodic comets with periods near 10K years.
It takes roughly 75 years for Halley's comet to come by the earth. All comets orbit the sun, but they do not all originate from the same place, which accounts for their paths and how long their individual orbit takes.
There is a black hole close to Earth, yes. It is 1,600 light years away.
no because the earth will die in 4.5 billion years later
Because the equator is the widest part of the earth so it is closer to the sun than the top or bottom of the earth.
Like most comets, Halley's Comet has a very eccentric orbit. Most of the time it is far away from the Sun (and therefore from us); it comes near us once every 75-76 years. It is expected to come near us next time in the year 2061.