These examples illustrate two Constitutional powers in action. We see the power of checks and balances by Congressional power to declare war, rather than it be an executive decision. We also see a separation of powers as the president is the commander of all forces, rather than Congress.
separation of power
Yes, in a way. Congress makes the laws and essentially tells the president how to run the nation. The president is the CEO- his job is to carry out the will of Congress, although he can exert influence on Congress to get them to do what he wants.
Although this is unlikely, the US President is the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces and directs their actions. If enough members of Congress felt that the President was derelict, or incompetent, they could vote to impeach him. In the past, disagreements betwen Congress and the President have usually been resolved by discussion. The exception was the Vietnam War, essentially ended by the actions of Congress to remove the funding required for the war, leaving the Presidents (Nixon and then Ford) very few options.
The President is both the head of state and head of government of the United States of America, and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. & The President has the power either to sign legislation into law or to veto bills enacted by Congress, although Congress may override a veto with a 2/3s vote of both houses.
The president has a variety of military powers, but mostly in conjunction with the Congress. Although the President has the power to request a declaration of war, he needs a positive vote from the Congress (both the House and the Senate) for war to be declared. However he has the ability under the War Powers Act to send troops to fight for up to 60 days so long as the Congress is advised prior. Additionally, the president is the Commander-in-Chief, meaning he issues orders and guidance to the Joint Chiefs of Staff for them to implement. He is also involved in the budget process, which funds America's wars.
Federal taxes are decided by congress, not the president, although he might have some effect on their decision.
If both houses of Congress pass the bill, it is sent to the President. If the president signs it, is becomes the law. If the President does not sign it, or actively vetoes it, it goes back to Congress. If it is passed by both houses of Congress again, it automatically becomes law, although override of a President's veto is realtively uncommon.
The U.S. Congress passes bills that become Federal Laws when the U.S. President signs them (although there are cases in which Congress can make a bill into a law without the President's approval), and each state Congress passes bills that become state laws when the Governor of the state signs them.
There are two ways in which the President shapes laws. The President is the head of his political party, and he therefore can direct members of his party to introduce legislation in Congress that will advance his policies. And if Congress passes laws that he doesn't like, he can veto them (although with enough votes, Congress can override his veto).
The President, although a civilian, is C-in-C of the US armed forces.
the President
It demonstrated that although the Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction through the Constitution, Congress is entitled to pass statutes that would take the jurisdiction of the court away.
The President of the United States is the de factocommander-in-chief of the armed forces. Although he was not a miltary man, Lincoln educated himself by reading military manuals and history in books from the Library of Congress. He appears to have developed a keen strategic understanding of what was neeeded to defeat the South, and eventually found a field commander in Grant who would use the vast resources of the Union to its advantage.