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Dred Scott v. Sanford ruled that African-Americans and their descendants could not be citizens of the United States. With this, the 13th amendment was needed to override that verdict.

In the Dred Scott decision, the Court held that slaves, and people who had been slaves or who descended from slaves, were not protected by the Constitution and could never be US citizens. Without citizenship status, African-Americans were denied access to the courts, and couldn't sue for their freedom, even if they had a contractual agreement granting them free status.

This lead Congress and the states to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, outlawing slavery, as well as the 14th and 15th Amendment that conferred civil rights and suffrage to former slaves (only males had the right to vote at that time).

* The name Sanford is misspelled as Sandford in US Reports

Case Citation:

Dred Scott v. Sanford*, 60 US 393 (1857)

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Q: What constitutional amendment extended citizenship to formerly enslaved people?
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