What country did Francis Xavier describe as the Country at War?

Who should own the Spratly islands and why?

The Disputed Spratlys is within the Philippine Waters. The Philippines is the legal owner of the islands in the Spratlys as it is within 200 Nautical Mile Exclusive Economic Zone said United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)THE PHILIPPINES AND THE ARCHIPELAGIC DOCTRINEArchipelago is defined as a sea or part of a sea studded with islands, often synonymous with island groups, or as a large group of islands in an extensive body of water, such as sea. (De Leon, 1991)In various conferences of the United Nations on the Law of the Sea, the Philippines and other archipelago states proposed that an archipelagic state composed of groups of islands forming a state is a single unit, with the islands and the waters within the baselines as internal waters.By this concept (archipelagic doctrine), an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit, so that the waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, irrespective of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the state, subject to its exclusive sovereignty.Despite the opposition of maritime powers, the Philippines and four other states (Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Fiji and Bahamas) got the approval in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea held in Jamaica last December 10, 1982. They were qualified as archipelagic states. The archipelagic doctrine is now incorporated in Chapter IV of the said convention. It legalizes the unity of land, water and people into a single entityThe Philippines bolstered the archipelagic principle in defining its territory when it included in Article 1 of the 1987 Constitution the following:"The national territory comprises the Philippine Archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein xxx"; and"The waters around, between and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines."On the strength of these assertions, the Philippines Archipelago is considered as one integrated unit instead of being divided into more than seven thousand islands. The outermost of our archipelago are connected with straight baselines and all waters inside the baselines are considered as internal waters. This makes the large bodies of waters connecting the islands of the archipelago like Mindanao Sea, Sulo Sea and the Sibuyan Sea part of the Philippines as its internal waters, similar to the rivers and lakes found within the islands themselves.The archipelagic principle however is subject to the following limitations:a) respect for the right of the ship and other states to pass through the territorial as well as archipelagic watersb) respect to right of innocent passagec) respect for passage through archipelagic sea lanes subject to the promulgation by local authorities of pertinent rules and regulations.The Philippines & the Spratly Islands HistoryThe Philippines as the closest and archipelagic country of the Spratly island with another Five Asian countries claim the Spratly Islands including -- China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia and Brunei. Disputes among these six parties have led to various minor military skirmishes, the detention of fisherfolk and diplomatic rows in the past three decades.Control of the Spratlys is important since the region is supposed to contain large deposits of oil, gas, hydrocarbon and mineral resources. The islands are also strategically located in the sea lanes for commerce and transport in the South China Sea which is very close to the Palawan Province of the Philippines with a distant less than 200 nautical miles; a bases that Philippines has a legal ground that those islands are part of the Philippines.The Spratlys consist of about 26 islands and islets and 7 groups of rocks in the South China Sea found approximately between the latitude of 4 degrees to 11 degrees 30'N. and longitude 109 degrees 30'E. They have a maritime area of 160,000 square kilometers and an insular area of about 170 hectares.The Spratlys are popular among fishermen. However, they are considered dangerous for commercial navigation. Maps from the early part of the last century have advised seamen to avoid passing through them.Japan explored the Spratlys for military reasons during World War II. The British Admiralty and U.S. Navy have also ordered some top secret missions there. But the U.S. Navy never released the new charts of the Spratlys to civilian authorities. Writer Francois-Xavier Bonnet wonders about the role of the Spratlys during the Vietnam War.In 1933 a Philippine senator protested the French annexation of the Spratlys. A parliamentary committee studied the issue but the U.S. government, which controlled the Philippines at that time, did not take an interest in the matter.In 1946 Vice President Elpidio Quirino claimed the Spratlys on behalf of the Philippine government. A year later, the Philippine Secretary of Foreign Affairs declared that the "New Southern Islands" previously occupied by Japan during World War II were part of Philippine territory.In 1955 the Philippine military reported that the Spratly island group was of "vital proximity" to the country. The following year, Filipino navigator and businessman Tomas Cloma issued a "proclamation to the whole world" claiming ownership and occupation of the Spratlys. Cloma sent six letters to the government about the need to settle the question of ownership of the islands.The vice president of the Philippines replied in 1957, assuring Cloma that the government "does not regard with indifference the economic exploitation and settlement of these uninhabited and unoccupied islands by Philippine nationals."According to Filipino law professor Haydee Yorac, the Cloma Proclamation was the first assertion of title to the Spratlys after Japan renounced its ownership of the islands in 1951 and 1952.In 1978 President Ferdinand Marcos issued a proclamation declaring ownership of most of the islands in the Spratlys. The area was renamed the Kalayaan (Freedom) Island Group. The proclamation laid the following basis for the Philippine claim: "By virtue of their proximity and as part of the continental margin of the Philippine archipelago"; that "they do not legally belong to any state or nation, but by reason of history; indispensable need, and effective occupation and control established in accordance with international law"; and while other states have laid claims to some of these areas, their claims have lapsed by abandonment and cannot prevail over that of the Philippines on legal, historical, and equitable ground."In 1995 President Fidel Ramos articulated the Philippine position regarding the Spratlys issue. He said "I would like to clarify that the Philippines does not only claim eight islands in the Spratlys but owns all islands and waters in the Spratlys as defined in the presidential decree issued by former President Marcos."Militarization of the Spratlys started in the 1970s. The Philippines sent a military contingent to occupy some of the islands in 1971. After four years, the Philippines had already established a military presence in six islands. Today, the Philippines occupies eight islands in the area.

Civil War ABC Book Letters?

A. African Americans were used for hard labor. This act of controlling African Americans for labor was called slavery. Since slavery was banned in the north and was needed for the agricultural economy in the south, conflicts resulted between the two groups.B. Battles are what the Civil War consisted mostly of. Some were small with few casualties while some were huge and killed hundreds. Some of these battles include: The Battle of Gettysburg, The Seven Days Battle, The Battle of Chickamauga, The Battle of Shiloh, and The Battle of Fort Sumter.C. Confederates were another name for the southern region in the war. They supported slavery because it was needed for their agriculture based economy. They needed slaves to work the fields for cotton, tobacco, rice, and other agricultural products.D. Draft riots occurred first in the civil war. The south was the first to begin drafting citizens closely followed by the north. Once chosen for drafting, you had three choices: Pay a fee of 300$ to be exempt from a particular battle, Replace yourself with someone else to be exempt for the whole war, or go into the war yourself. Since most people didn't have the money to be exempt, they used their slaves to replace them. This caused draft riots.E. Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln during the civil war. This freed 3.1 million of the nation's 4 million slaves. 50,000 of them were freed on the spot while the rest of them were also free; they had to serve in the union militia.F. Fort Sumter is the famous grounds of the Battle of Fort Sumter occurring on April 12th and 13th of 1861. First, it was controlled by the union until they surrendered it to the confederates while they were under fire. This major battle signifies the beginning of the Civil War.G. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania was the famous location where the turning point of the war occurred. This battle occurred between July 1st through July 3rd in 1863.The confederate troops suffered a great loss during this battle that cost them the war. After this battle, it was evident to both sides who had won the civil war.H. Hardtack was a simple biscuit or cracker used as food during the Civil War. It was a popular choice because it was inexpensive and long-lasting. Hardtack consisted of mostly flour, water, and sometimes salt. A downside of hardtack was that they commonly housed worms.I. Illness was a major problem during the civil war. Some illnesses include: Malaria, Scurvy, Rheumatic Fever, and many others. There were more deaths from spread infections and diseases than from the actual war. These diseases were usually treated with either laxative for fever and amputation for infection or gunshot wounds.J. Jefferson Davis was the elected president of the confederate states during the civil war. Prior to this, he was a U.S. senator representing the state of Mississippi. He believed that all states had a right to secede from the Union, making him the perfect leader of the confederates.K. Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854 gave each individual state the right to vote to either allow slavery or abolish it. This act was meant to ease tension between the north and south but instead, it was a leading cause for the civil war. This act led to bloodshed between Kansas and Missouri due to voters moving between those states to change the slavery status of them.L. Laxatives were a commonly used medication during the civil war. Since there was little medical knowledge during this time, laxatives were used to treat most fevers. Usually, they didn't treat the illness at all and the patients would die.M. Malaria was one of the killing diseases of the civil war. It was more of a problem for southern soldiers, since it is a more tropical disease. Malaria is carried by mosquitoes and injected when bitten by a mosquito. Symptoms include: fever, headache, and in more severe cases a coma or death.N. Northern states, or the union, opposed the southern states in the war. They believed that slavery was wrong and should be abolished from the nation. Also, since their economy was based more on industry than agriculture, they didn't need slaves as much as the south did.O. Oak Grove was another important battle of the civil war. It was considered to be the first of the seven days battles. This battle took place on June 25, 1862 and ended with about 1000 casualties from both the Union and the Confederates.P. Presidential Election of 1864 occurred during the Civil War. It was Lincoln's re-election as president and his opposing candidate was his former civil war general, George B. McClellan. Since the confederates had seceded from the union prior to this election, only the northern states could vote in it.Q. Quantrill's Raiders were a loosely organized group that fought in the civil war. They fought under the leadership of William Clarke Quantrill for the Confederates. They have held their name "Quantrill's Raiders" long after the Civil War, when the members would have reunions together.R. Rifles were the most commonly used weapon for both the Union and the Confederates. They had a basic design and were usually loaded with a small lead ball and black powder. These rifles were not very powerful and only killed when shot in vital areas of the body.S. Starvation was a major problem for both the northern and the Southern states. Food was scarce and when it was available it was eaten quickly. Also, the lack of food weakened the soldiers body's making them more prone to illnesses and diseases.T. Tobacco was very popular among soldiers during the civil war. At night after their day of fighting their enemy, they would relax and smoke cigarettes. After the war, soldiers found that they could not stop smoking them. They became life-long smokers from the war and continued buying cigarettes from cigarette companies. Tobacco became popular nationwide because of the civil war.U. Union was another name for the northern states in the Civil War. They were against slavery thinking that it was abusive to the right of human beings. They fought the pro-slavery confederates who believed that slavery was a necessary and appropriate part of life.V. Vicksburg, Mississippi was another important battle in the Civil War. This battleoccurred from May 18th to July 4th in 1863. It was the final major military action in the Vicksburg campaign.W. Weaponry was used to cause the opponent to surrender due to loss of troops. These weapons included edged weapons such as knives and swords and firearms such as handguns and rifled-muskets. All wars including the civil war are based upon weaponry and which side of the war has the upper hand.X. X-slaves were what slaves became after the civil war. The Union believed that slavery should be abolished from the United States and since they won the war they did that. All slaves that were currently in service to a white man were freed and the disputes over slavery were over.Y. Yankee was one of the nicknames given to the Union. These nicknames were issued by the union's opponent, The Confederates. Another nickname for the Union was Yanks or Blue Bellies.Z. Zuccess(Success) was the final status of the union after the last battle of the civil war. They beat the confederates and won the war. Most importantly, though, they abolished slavery from the United States of America.This is the entire Civil War ABC Book with 3 sent. paragraphs if you need that 2.~ D3VASTAT10N

What country did Francis Xavier describe as the Country at War?

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