Since the sun only shines on one side of the Earth at a time, one half of the Earth is in darkness and the other half in sunlight. It is only as the sun rotates on it's axis that different areas of the Earth experience night and day. A country never gets sunlight "first", as the night and day around the Earth is constantly changing.
New Zealand.
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The equator gets the most radiant sunlight on Earth.
Sunlight also gets reflected back out into space.
Tahe question is really nonsense as posed because the answer is related purely to latitude so includes very many countries. If you mean what country receives the most solar radiation at the surface of the earth, that is parts of Chile and California.
Earth gets 24 hours of sunlight each day. There is always 50% of the Earth illuminated by the sun.
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The farther from the equator, the weaker the sunlight gets.
The sun shines on Mars, just as it shines on the Earth. Since Mars is farther from the sun than the Earth is, it gets less sunlight.
It isn't clear what "spheres" you are talking about, but the Earth in general gets most of its energy from sunlight.
The farther from the equator, the weaker the sunlight gets.
It's not so much the Sun that changes; rather, Earth's axis is tilted (with respect to a perpendicular to Earth's plane of orbit). As a result, when Earth is on one side of the Sun, the northern hemisphere gets more sunlight; when Earth is on the other side of the Sun, it is the southern hemisphere that gets more sunlight.