Christians did not break away from the Catholic Church, they remained Christians, protestants broke away from the Catholic Church in the 16th century.
Poland remained primarily Catholic.
If you are referring to the Protestant Reformation, the only things that changed were the suppression of some of the wrongs that priests (and bishops) were practicing and that the reformers were complaining about. The official teaching of the Church remained the same.
The protestant revolt ended with the northern part of the Holy Roman Empire and parts north becoming protestant - Scandavian, Belgium, also parts of Europe, the Netherlands, etc. Portugal, Spain, France, Austria, Sourthern Germany, and Italy remained Catholic. England, Scotland, and Wales had their own revolt leaving the Church, while Ireland remained Catholic.
The religious protest reform movement that split the church in the 1500s was the Protestant Reformation. It was sparked by figures like Martin Luther, who challenged the teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church, leading to a division between those who followed the newly emerging Protestant denominations and those who remained loyal to the Catholic Church.
A number of countries remained primarily Catholic after the Protestant revolt - Ireland, France, Italy, Belgium, Spain, Austria, Poland, for example.
Roman Catholic AnswerSouthern Europe stayed Catholic. In Germany, the northern princes welcomed the protestant revolt, while the southern princes stayed with the Church. In the Low Countries, the Netherlands went protestant, while Belgium remained Catholic. England, Scotland, and Wales went protestant while Ireland remained Catholic. France, Spain, and Italy remained Catholic while all the Scandinavian countries went protestant.
The southern and western parts: France, Portugal, Spain, Austria, southern Germany, Italy, etc. Also Ireland remained predominately Catholic, although technically protestant as it was overun by the English at the time.
Except for the belief that there was only one acceptable way for a Christian to worship God, no beliefs were changed that I can think of. Science, exploration, mercantilism, and nationalism had already changed many Middle Ages beliefs before the Reformation began, and the power of the Catholic Church was lessened. The Reformation was about getting back to the basics of Christianity, and doing away with the corruption and ceremony which had become associated with it. The Catholics who became Protestants called the Catholics idolaters, and Catholics who remained Catholics called the Protestants heretics. No surprise that this disagreement became violent, but otherwise people stuck to their existing beliefs.
Thomas More chose to remain Catholic and opposed the Protestant Reformation during his lifetime. He was executed for his refusal to accept King Henry VIII as the supreme head of the Church of England.
The Reformation increased literacy rates among women as they were encouraged to read the Bible for themselves. Some women took on more active roles within the church, while others advocated for their own education and rights. However, gender roles remained largely unchanged, and opportunities for leadership and equality were limited.
After Christianity was repressed for centuries, the main center of Christianity moved to Rome. It remained there for nearly 1,000 years until the Protestant Reformation.