In the United States copyright law is almost exclusively handled in federal district courts, other than copyright of sound recordings published prior to 1972 and other possible issues that are handled under state laws because they are not pre-empted by the Federal Laws.
Although the vast majority of copyright infringement cases are settled long before court, rightsholders can start a case in civil court if settlement is not satisfactory.
In the US, copyright and patent infringement are civil matters addressed in federal courts. That being said, the vast amount of infringement is settled long before it gets to court at all.
Before an infringement suit may be filed in court, copyright registration is necessary for works of U. S. origin. Bear in mind that a copyright can be filed retroactively, however it will have some effect on the types and amounts of damages awarded.
Under US laws, all copyright claims under federal copyright must be made in US district court. You would sue for a declaratory judgment that the work did not meet the federal criteria for an enforceable copyright, once you have standing to sue (i.e., someone has threatened to sue you for copyright infringement of an invalid copyright).
Not really; infringement cases can be brought before any civil court.
In the US, the copyright holder can sue for up to $30,000 per infringement, or $150,000 if willfull infringement is proven. That being said, most copyright disagreements are settled long before they reach court, for an amount much closer to real damages.
It requires permission from the copyright holder or an exemption in the law.
Any owner of a copyright can sue for infringement as long as the copyright is still valid (i.e., for 95 years from publication).
Nothing about it is "legal." Copyright infringement is illegal.
If someone is no stranger to allegations of copyright infringement, it means he gets accused of copyright infringement a lot.
Because the vast majority of infringement cases are settled long before they go to court, there is no comprehensive list.
Upon conviction in the magistrates court the maximum term of incarceration in the UK for copyright infringement is 6 months and/or a "level five" fine of £5,000.Upon conviction in the Crown court the maximum term of incarceration in the UK for physical copyright infringement is 10 years and/or an "unlimited" fine.
You treat it the same way any other infringement or slander is treated. You take them to court over the matter.
Because infringement is not always brought to light (much less brought to court), it is impossible to say.