The Muslims.
sex
Crusades
Europeans rediscovered the ideas of the ancient Greeks after 1500.
Mostly other Africans.
No, Muslims did not adopt the local religion and customs when they settled in Spain.
To take the Holy Land back from the Muslims
No, Muslims did not adopt the local religion and customs when they settled in Spain.
the use of city charters
Any man can adopt any profession to earn his livelihood. Being a merchant is a respectable profession among the Muslims.
Cinderella
I don't believe that Muslims were ever more advanced than Western Europeans. Perhaps during the Dark Ages, when Europe was basically isolated from the entire world and basically frozen in time.