Many fled to Western Europe.
Many fled to Western Europe.
the Jews
The pogroms were directed specifically against Jews.
Pogroms.
They were called pogroms.
organized violence against jews
Pogroms were targeted, anti-Jewish riots that began in Russia during the 19th century. Rampant anti-semitism began when Russia acquired territories that had large numbers of Jews. From the beginning, Russia restricted movement of the Jews, confining them to specific areas unless they converted to Orthodox Christianity.
There were pogroms in Russia until very recently.
Organized attacks on Jews have historically been called POGROMS. Pogroms differ from events like the Holocaust in that pogroms were (1) not well-planned or well-coordinated and (2) localized in particular villages or cities. Most pogroms in Jewish history took place in the Russian Empire and its subsequent governments, but there have been pogroms in nearly every Old-World country that has hosted Jews other than India.
Pogroms - that is mob violence against Jews - are associated in particular with Tsarist Russia in the period 1881-1914, when they were often actively encouraged by the police. Obviously, there have been other pogroms in other places and in other periords, too.
Pogroms were violent riots and massacres launched against Jews and frequently encouraged by government authorities. --- It was, above all, Tsarist Russia that was associated with pogroms. In Russia the whole period from about 1881-1917 was charcterized by pogroms. Nazi Germany staged the Night of the Broken Glass, but on the whole preferred to avoid public disturbances when implementing its anti-Jewish policies. In 1941 there were pogroms in Romania, especially Bucharest and Iasi, with Jews being beaten up and killed in the street. One of the best know pogroms was that at Kishinev in 1903. See the link. See also the second link, which has a map of some of the places where pogroms occurred in the Russian Empire.
Throughout the period c. 1880-1914 the Russian Tsars encouraged pogroms (violence against Jews). In 1905, when the Russians were defeated by the Japanese in the Far East, the pogroms got worse. Moreover, the Tsarist regime blamed the Jews for Russia's defeat. During this period many Jews fled from Russia and settled in the U.S. and, in some cases, Britain.