Judaism
They developed because of Abraham brought them together.
It has been known for millennia as "Judaism."
The Hebrews did not develop the practice of polytheism. Polytheism was practiced by other nations.
monotheism, none human sacrafice, a code of laws that correspond with ethics
Yes, it is wholly based on those ideas.
See the attached Related Link for a vivid answer which may come as a surprise.
No. the first "true" alphabet (meaning that it contained both consonants and vowels" was created by the Greeks.
The Hebrews' military was an army composed of Hebrews.
Whenever you ask why some people did what they did, any answer has to be pure speculation and opinion, unless you ask the people who did it and they explain their motives for you. According to the Bible ... certainly one source of speculation and opinion that has to be considered along with the others ... the Hebrews didn't choose that at all. Israel was established by an entity quite outside the Hebrews, and they were instructed to inherit it, live in it, develop it, defend it, and bequeath it.
Yes, there were Hebrews in the Book of Judges. The Book was also written by Hebrews.
David was one of the Kings of the Hebrews.