For religions that typically circumcise near birth it is seen as a covenant with God.
If one goes back and looks at the old documents available it would be reasonable to see the custom as a replacement for the sacrifice of infants to God.
For cultures that circumcise at puberty eg. certain Africans, Australian Aboriginals, and Pacific Islanders it is seen as a rite of passage into manhood.
Obviously for other people circumcision is performed for other reasons but I believe that is beyond the scope of your question.
No, the penis is not shortened by circumcision.
No circumcision is not beneficial to health. on the contrary it is harmful.
No, penis size has nothing to do with circumcision.
Circumcision has nothing to do with infertility.
The circumcision scar is permanent and it can not be gotten rid of.
No, it is nothing to do with it. Circumcision is the removal of the foreskin from the penis.
When you develop SERIOUS conditions where circumcision is the Only option.
Surgery can extend, but the surgical procedure that does it is not called circumcision.
The Tagalog word for circumcision is "tuli."
A circumcision certificate -- a document given to the parents of a male Jewish child after his foreskin is snipped off during a circumcision ceremony
A Jew that does circumcision is called a Mohell
The instrument used in a Jewish circumcision is a device called a Jewish Shield.