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The onset of stress can cause a three stage process of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Alarm is often called the fight-or-flight response in which the body elevates its state of alertness and preparedness. In this state, the body immediately experiences the following effects that enhance the person's ability to react to the event that caused the stress:

  • increased heart rate (pulse) and respiration (breathing)
  • dilated pupils
  • reduced activity of the digestive organs
  • constricted blood vessels to most organs
  • dilation of blood vessels to muscles
  • increased blood sugar and adrenaline

The fight-or-flight response sometimes results in less desirable effects:

  • Relaxation of sphincter muscles, leading to uncontrolled defecation (pooing) and urination (peeing).
  • Loss of hearing
  • Tunnel vision
  • Shaking
  • Loss of sexual function

If the event that caused the stress persists for over a day, your body will transit into the resistance phase. The body cannot forever sustain a heightened level of alertness indefinitely, even with sustained elevated levels of blood sugar and adrenaline. In the resistance stage, the body must resume some of its critical functions, such as digestion, and it must restore the blood flow to its organs. At the same time, the person must continue to deal with the event that caused the stress, all the while the body attempts to remain at the alarm state.

In the resistance phase, fatigue sets in, which leads to its own complications, such as lapses in memory and judgment.

If the stress stimuli should occur for the long term, then the body transits into the exhaustion phase. In this phase, the fight-or-flight response of the alarm phase have collapsed. Some of the complications associated with the exhaustion phase include:

  • a compromised immune system, leading to an increased risk of disease.
  • elevated blood pressure, a leading factor in heart attacks and strokes
  • loss of memory and of the ability to learn
  • depletion of the body's essential resources
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