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In Latin, benevolent means "bene" (well) + "volent" (willing). It translates to "well-wishing" or "kind-hearted."
bene-  a combining form occurring in loanwords from Latin, where it meant "well"
Benvolio is actually a combination, similar to benevolent. Both use the Latin words 'bene' and 'volo', meaning 'good' and 'want' respectively. Therefore, someone who is benevolent is someone who wishes to do good. This is reflected in Benvolio's character, and therefore was used for his name.
bene adv. wellvolo, velle, volui, - v. I wish, to wish, I wishedBenvolio (of Romeo and Juliet, I presume) and benevolent therefore both mean well-wishing.Volent is the present participial stem of the verb listed above.
The Latin adjective senior means older.
It is not familiar. What is it supposed to mean? "Phile" means "lover of" in Greek. "Bene" is a Latin adjective meaning "good" (as found in words like "benevolent"). H.W. Fowler would whirl in his grave at mixing Greek and Latin in this way. Is it supposed to mean a good friend, perhaps? Anyway, it's only a word if someone uses it. If you know of someone who does use it, then it is some kind of real word. That might give you some clue as to what it might mean as well.
Similis in Latin is a adjective meaning Like or Similar
It doesn't mean anything. The words la and ignorami don't exist in Latin. The other two are Latin words, but they don't fit together grammatically: nihil is a neuter noun that means "nothing", and viva is a feminine adjective that means "alive".
Flavum is a Latin word that translates to "yellow" in English. It is often used in biological and medical contexts to describe something that has a yellowish color.
Not two words but one: rubrum. It is the neuter form of the adjective ruber, meaning red (including shades of orange).
Vicina is a latin adjective meaning a neighboring.
Mollusk comes from the Latin adjective mollis which means "soft"