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Three peoples influenced archaic (early) Romans: the Sabines, the Etruscans and archaic Greeks. The foundation of Rome was said to have involved a fusion between Latins and Sabines who settled on two of Rome's seven hills. These Sabines left an imprint in Roman religion. They then became Latinised.

The arrival of the Greeks who established colonies (settlements) in Italy had a profound effect on the peoples they came into contact with. Etruscan civilisation arose from trade with an influence from these Greeks in a process which has been called the orientalising process, which involved, among other things, the borrowing of Greek artistic and architectural models, and the adoption and adaptation of the western Greek alphabet. As already mentioned, these Greeks also influenced the early Latins.

Archaeological finds have shown that Latin cities in the archaic age were influenced by both Etruscans and the Greeks from Cumae, a Greek city near Naples. This is not surprising as both were neighbours.

The exact Etruscan influence on archaic Rome is difficult to ascertain because of scant of historical records and lack of archaeological finds in Rome. They seem to have influenced aspects of Roman religion and the clothes and symbols of authority of kings and higher officers of state and the style of celebration of triumphs.

Etruscan civilisation then decayed and the Etruscans became Latinised. This civilisation did not go beyond the archaic stage. Rome, instead, continued into the classical period. In this period they looked up and were deeply influenced by the classical Greeks. The Romans became Hellenised, which means that Greek culture became incorporated into their culture.

Note that the theory that the Etruscans conquered Rome has now been challenges. Its evidence base is flimsy and it is based on unproven assumptions. The recent archaeological finds suggest a different picture.

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