water
petrochemicals etc.
Nothing.
Spirits are distilled in order to get a purer form of alcohol than normal brewing and fermentation can yield. The mash is brewed and fermented to produce the alcohol and then heated to evaporate the alcohol away from the mash into a cooling device to collect in a separate container. Since alcohol has a lower boiling point than water, the evaporate contains a higher concentration of alcohol
Alcohol
No. Activated carbon removes impurities, but the alcohol must be distilled under highly-controlled conditions to remove all water, unless it is produced by means other than fermentation. This is difficult and expensive, and most alcohol is about 95-97%.
Alcohol
As it was explained to me at the Jameson Distillery in Ireland, triple distillation involves three distillation steps. Distillation involves heating a liquid that has alcohol in it to the point that the alcohol (which boils at a lower temperature than water) evaporates and is captured before it condenses back into the liquid from which it came. Second and third distillations heat the captured alcohol under narrower and narrower heat ranges to make sure that only the alcohol remains. Many impurities are removed by this process and the result is a much smoother liquor. All Irish whiskey is triple distilled. Scotch whiskey is double distilled and most Bourbon (sour mash) is only distilled once (however there are notable exceptions). In a taste test many years ago several bartenders were given several different vodkas (without knowing which one was which). Which one won? Pure grain alcohol (200 proof) was the winner. But you can't buy it because 1) it can cause alcohol poisoning very quickly, and 2) it is extremely flammable. Triple distilled vodka should exhibit the same smooth character as triple distilled Irish whiskey.
it does because city water has more nutrients than other types of water and distilled water has almost no nutrients
alcohol
Distillation involves heating a liquid to create vapor, then cooling the vapor back into a liquid. This process separates alcohol from water and other compounds, resulting in a higher concentration of alcohol in the final product.
Consuming any form of alcoholic beverage (wine, beer, or distilled spirits such as gin and whiskey) in moderation is associated with better health and greater longevity than is either abstaining or abusing alcohol.
Vinegar and acid
Yes, it can in fact have much higher than that, and does when it is initially distilled, it is usually watered down to whatever the bottling proof is. In the United States however, several vodkas of 151 proof or 75.5 percent alcohol are available.