The only exile of Jews (Judah) occurred with Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon. They were subjected to a 70 year captivity under the king of Babylon. You can read of this in the book of Jeremiah and other prophets.
If you are referring to the exodus that included all 12 tribes of Israel, not just Judah it's self.
During the exile they held on to their Torah.
The Exile of Jews from palestine is known as the Diaspora
The Babylonians drove the Jews into their first exile. The Romans were the ones who caused the second and current exile period.
It depends on the exile in question. Most Jews that wanted to returned to Land of Israel after the exile in Babylonia on account of Cyrus the Great. Many Jews have returned to Israel in the last 150 years from the Roman Exiling of the Jews nearly 2000 years ago. However, not all Jews have returned home after exile in both cases.
Galut; exile; diaspora.
Diaspora.
Cyrus
The Babylonians.
it ended in 1944
God was with them if they believed in him. In the modern era, most Jewish leaders believe that Jews are in Exile and subject to persecution explicitly because of the Jews' violation of this covenant.
The Jews who returned from exile in Babylon and their slaves, under the leadership of Ezra.
It was called the Babylonian Exile or the First Diaspora.