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Many Roman military commanders expanded the Roman territories into Europe beyond Italy. Among them there were Scipio Africanus who took southern Spain from the Carthaginians in 206 BC, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus who annexed Greece in 146 BC, Pompey the Great who defeated king Mithridates VI of Pontus in Turkey in 63 BC and Julius Caesar who conquered Gaul in the Gallic Wars (58-50 BC).

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