I believe its silica based atom groups with covalent bonding. Just went over that stuff in geology :/
Phosphorus, with 5 valence electrons, needs to gain 3 electrons to have a full set of 8 valence electrons. This would allow it to achieve a stable octet configuration, resembling the noble gas configuration of argon.
Valence electrons are in the outer shell of the atom. The first column (group 1)has a +1 valence, which means that it has an extra electron it can 'lose' when bonding with other atoms. The 2nd column (group 2) has +2. The same goes for groups 3. Group 4 can gain 4 and lose 4. Group 5 can 'gain' 3 electrons, group 6 can gain 2 electrons etc.
Phosphorus wants to gain three electrons to have 8 valence electrons.
atoms either loose or gain a maximum of 2 valence electrons like hydrogen
Group 16 or the chalcogens.
Sulfur has 6 valence electrons. To achieve 8 valence electrons, sulfur must gain 2 electrons to fill its outer shell and satisfy the octet rule.
Phosphorus wants to gain three electrons to have 8 valence electrons.
Fluorine gains electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. It has seven valence electrons and tends to gain one more electron to complete its outer shell and attain a full octet.
The halogens, group 17, have 7 valence electrons. When they form ions, they gain 1 more valence electron and become ions with a charge of 1-.
Group #15 has 5 valence electrons
They will gain 3 electrons from something with 3 valence electrons.
Group 13 elements tend to lose three valence electrons to achieve a full outer shell configuration. They typically form 3+ ions by losing these three electrons.