Tuareg nomads from the Sahara
Berber nomads seized much of Mali's territory. The captured Timbuktu in 1431.
The Bambara. They make up 36.5 % of the population in Mali as of 2008.
1431=3x3x3x53
The mandingo
The factors of 1431 are: 1, 3, 9, 27, 53, 159, 477, 1431.
No. 477*3=1431
1431 = MCDXXXI
2012 - 1431 = 581
it was the wamapanoags
yamum
The growing Songhai Empire captured the city of Timbuktu in 1468 after defeating the Tuareg tribes, who had captured it in the early first-half of the 15th century.