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In 1905, Russia was experiencing massive unemployment, high inflation, food shortages and involved in a war with Japan that they were clearly losing. Striking factory workers and competing revolutionary groups stirred up the people to the extent that thousands took to the streets of St. Petersburg, marching to Czar Nicholas' palace with a petition, signed by over 100,000, demanding free speech, rights of workers, and an end to the war with Japan. The march was intended to be peaceful. The marchers expressed in the petiton their support for Russia and moreover, support for Czar Nicholas. But unbeknownst to the marchers, Czar Nicholas was not even there at the time. He was with his family on the other side of the Ural Mountains at his winter palace in Ekaterinburg. The palace guards saw this march as a threat to the monarchy and feared a revolt. With Czar Nicholas absent, the commanders of the guards ordered the crowds to disburse. With no results, the commanders ordered the palace guards to fire upon the marchers. This turned into a nasty, bloody slaughter that day which ended in hundreds of peaceful marchers, including woman and children, shot and stabbed to death by overzealous palace guards. Known historically as Bloody Sunday. Czar Nicholas was shocked and horrified at what had happened. He made his best efforts to accomodate his people upon his return to St. Petersburg by allowing the sharing of power through the formation of the Duma, a people's congress which created a national constitution. These developments temporarily calmed the people's unrest. But by 1915, Russia's involvement in World War 1 and deepening food shortages ended the people's patience with the monarchy and the Duma, plunging the nation into revolution again.

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Q: What happened in Russia on 22nd January 1905?
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