Every time you trip the GFCI, the power to the device plugged into it will lose its supply voltage.
The trip time for a GFCI is from 15 to 30 milliseconds.
In a word NO, that will not cause either GFCI to trip. The correct term is GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter)
GFCI receptacle are designed to trip on 5 milliamps.
The GFCI is measuring leakage current to ground, so if no current is flowing it won't trip.
A GFCI is not an overcurrent protection device. It only protects people from electrical shock. However, if you were to create a perfect hot to neutral short the GFCI would not trip and the panel breaker would.
Yes
A GFCI receptacle can pass it's "protection" to other outlets wired from it. If the GFCI trips, all outlets wired from it will "trip" also. A GFCI tripping will not necessarily trip the circuit breaker in the service panel.
Yes it can.
A GFCI trips when it detects a difference in the amperage going to the outlet and what is coming back. Even 4-6 miliamps difference will trip the outlet.
GFCI's trip on an un balance between the current on the "hot" wire and the current on the neutral wire
A down stream receptacle that is connected to the upstream GFCI will be protected. If the downstream receptacle senses a fault the upstream GFCI will trip.
A GFCI device in a breaker is intended to trip the breaker open when a ground fault is sensed in the circuit that the breaker is protecting.